A Markovian reinforcement learning task can be dealt with by learning a direct mapping from states to actions or values, or from state-action pairs to values. However, this may involve a difficult pattern recognition problem when the state space is large. This paper shows that using internal state, called “supportive state”, may alleviate this problem—presenting an argument against the tendency...

A potential work item (PWI) for ISO standard (MAP) about linguistic annotation concerning syntax-semantics mapping is discussed. MAP is a framework for graphical linguistic annotation to specify a mapping (set of combinations) between possible syntactic and semantic structures of the annotated linguistic data. Just like a UML diagram, a MAP diagram is formal, in the sense that it accurately spe...

The construction grammar framework provides a rich formalism for the characterization of development in language acquisition, in part because it allows for a graceful transition from idiom-like holophrases, to fully abstract argument constructions. From the perspective of learning complexity, this means that rather than mastering the grammar used by an adult to generate or understand an utteran...

This paper argues that mapping as a methodology can support localised production, exemplified in the case study of design studio Atelier NL which marries contemporary sensibilities with traditional glass and ceramics craft-making techniques. The puts forward argument by paying attention to local ecosystem services through mapping, place-based solutions be developed. Furthermore, methodologies d...

In other words, when (u; u(0N); 11 1;u(01)) belongs to U , asymptotically periodic inputs produce asymptotically periodic outputs with the same period. The proof of this theorem makes use of a contraction-mapping fixed-point argument. The techniques used in our omitted proofs are also useful in connection with related problems that are " more nonlinear. " In particular, related results are give...

In this paper we examine the role of events within a theory of lexical semantics. We propose a configurational theory of event structure and examine how it contributes to a lexical semantic theory for natural language. In particular, we argue that an event structure can provide a distinct and useful level of representation for linguistic analysis involving the aspectual properties of verbs, adv...

This paper evaluates the accuracy of HPSG parsing in terms of the identification of predicate-argument relations. We could directly compare the output of HPSG parsing with PropBank annotations, by assuming a unique mapping from HPSG semantic representation into PropBank annotation. Even though PropBank was not used for the training of a disambiguation model, an HPSG parser achieved the accuracy...

This study entitled Mapping Grammatical Relations of English Verbs, concerns on numbers arguments that a verb could assign and how an argument is syntactically motivated in clauses which the mood declarative. involves to library research, method was applied this descriptive describes linguistics phenomena like what it actually is. The data were taken from Corpus Contemporary American (COCA) by ...