Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The FMD virus serotypes O, A and Asia-1 are responsible for the outbreaks in these countries. Diverse strains of FMDV, even within the same serotype, co-circulate. Characterization of the viruses in circulation can facilitate appropriate vaccine selection and tracing of outbreaks. The present study characterized foot-and-mouth...

(*) Karl Jaspers Centre for Advanced Transcultural Studies, Universität Heidelberg [email protected] (**) Cluster of Excellence «Asia and Europe in a Global Context», Karl Jaspers Centre for Advanced Transcultural Studies, Universität Heidelberg, [email protected] (***) Institute of Egyptology, Universität Heidelberg [email protected]...

the disappearance of bipolar system following the disintegration of the soviet union, has also changed many strategic concepts. central asia, as a part of the soviet empire, has become an arena for regional and global challenges after these transformations. the region, already faced with various political, economic, social and cultural problems, soon became a location for the activities of isla...