Methods for measuring or estimating ground shape by a laser range finder and a vision sensor (Exteroceptive sensors) have critical weaknesses in terms that these methods need a prior database built to distinguish acquired data as unique surface conditions for driving. Also, ground information by Exteroceptive sensors does not reflect the deflection of ground surface caused by the movement of UG...

In the early 1960s, the Inertial Navigation System (INS) was developed by Litton Industries. INS is a sensor-based, self-contained, dead-reckoning positioning system which uses a computer, motion sensors and rotation sensors to perform continuous positioning. The computation of position, velocity and attitude information of moving objects in INS is different fromGPS-based methods. This informat...

Science educators often characterize the degree to which tests measure different facets of college students' learning, such as knowing, applying, and problem solving. A casual survey of scholarship of teaching and learning research studies reveals that many educators also measure how students' attitudes influence their learning. Students' science attitudes refer to their positive or negative fe...

In this paper the principles of position and orientation measurement are explained and its implementation on an Initial Measurement Unit (IMU) are show. The first part is about motivation for position measurement, dealing with industrial applications. Then we proceed to mathematical basics of attitude representation and figure out the advantages and weaknesses of the specific types of represent...

In this paper we address the problem of output-feedback attitude control of a rigid body in quaternion-coordinate space through a hybrid (switching) PD+ based tracking controller; we establish stability for all initial values in a compact subset which may be arbitrarily enlarged by increasing the control gains. Assumptions used in the literature such as supposing that the initial states lay in ...

How should the affective component of attitudes be conceptualised and measured? Three studies compared measures based on different conceptualisations. Affective attitudes can be: (1) holistic reactions to objects or responses derived from spontaneous images of the objects; (2) bipolar or unipolar in structure; and finally (3) discrete emotional evaluations (e.g., angry, happy) or more general v...

It is well known that the linear feedback of the quar-ternion of the attitude error and angular velocity globally stabilizes the attitude of a rigid body. In this note, we show that the angular velocity feedback can be replaced by a nonlinear lter of the quaternion, thus removing the need of direct angular velocity measurement. In contrast to other approaches, this design exploits the inherent ...

Based upon precise new measurement techniques derived from a theory of attitude change first utilized by Woelfel and Haller in the study of interpersonal influence, this article attempts to assess the relative effectiveness of major media and interpersonal sources over attitudes toward and actual use of marijuana, a topic which had received considerable media coverage among the populations surv...