following experimental inoculation of 3-week-old turkeys with different titres (106, 104, 103, 102 and 101 egg infectious dose (eid50)) of a/ostrich/italy/984/2000 h7n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv), the selected tissues and organs were examined for pathological changes. tissue samples from different organs that obtained from dead and sacrificed birds were fixed in 10% neutral...

UNLABELLED Zoonotic avian influenza virus infections may lead to epidemics or pandemics. The 1918 pandemic influenza virus has an avian influenza virus-like genome, and its H1 hemagglutinin was identified as a key mammalian virulence factor. A chimeric 1918 virus expressing a contemporary avian H1 hemagglutinin, however, displayed murine pathogenicity indistinguishable from that of the 1918 vir...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/H5N1 has been reported in 11 African countries. Migratory waterbirds have the potential of introducing A/H5N1 into east Africa through the Rift Valley of Kenya. We present the results of a wild bird surveillance system for A/H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses based on avian fecal sampling in Kenya. We collected 2630 fecal samples in 2008. Viral RNA ...

Background and Aims: Since 1998, Iranian poultry industry has been affected by avian influenza (AI) virus, subtype H9N2. The association of high mortality and case report of H5N1 and H9N2 influenza virus in wild birds in recent years raised the suspicion of a possible new genetic modified AI virus. Methods: Partial nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid of hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 4 H9...

Background and Aims: Avian Influenza (AI) H9N2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the United States in 1966 and has been panzootic in Europe and Asia. The impact of avian influenza caused by H9N2 viruses in Iran is now significantly more severe than in previous years. Methods: Sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the complete coding region Polymerase A (PA) gene of H9N2 subt...

background and objectives: to determine the potential circulation of avian influenza viruses among different captive bird species, molecular surveillance was conducted at tehran zoo, saiee park and pardisan park of tehran, iran. these places are at risk for spread and transmission of influenza virus because of bird species diversity and close contact of birds with humans. materials & methods: d...

In South Korea, where avian influenza virus subtypes H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, and H9N2 circulate or have been detected, 3 genetically similar canine influenza virus (H3N2) strains of avian origin (A/canine/Korea/01/2007, A/canine/Korea/02/2007, and A/canine/Korea/03/2007) were isolated from dogs exhibiting severe respiratory disease. To determine whether the novel canine influenza virus of avian origi...

this study represents an intelligence procedure for diagnosis simultaneously avian newcastle disease virus, infection bronchitis virus and influenza using heart sound signal. for this aim, the chickens were divided into four groups. the first group was considered as control samples. the second, third and fourth groups were infected with newcastle disease virus, infection bronchitis and avian in...

background: the h9n2 subtype of influenza a viruses is considered to be widespread in poultry industry. adamantane is a group of antiviral agents which is effective both in prevention and treatment of influenza a virus infections. these drugs inhibit m2 protein ion channel which has role on viral replication. objectives: the main objective of this study is to evaluate m gene of avian influenza ...

materials and methods a total of 300 day-old broiler chicks (ross 308) divided into three equal groups (1 to 3) .the chicks in group 1 were immunized with killed aiv h9n2. the chicks in group 2 were infected with ai virus subtype h9n2. the chicks in group 3 were kept as controls and did not receive any vaccined or lived virus. chicks sera were collected at day 42 usingrns1-elisa and commercial ...