BACKGROUND Wild waterfowl are considered as the natural reservoir for avian influenza (AI) viruses. Bangladesh has been experiencing highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks since 2007, mostly in chickens and occasionally in ducks. Ducks play an important role in the persistence and genetic recombination of AI viruses. This paper presents the results of serological and virological mon...

Novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was isolated in fatal patients in Yangtze River Delta of China in March 2013. We aimed to screen the virus in febrile patients in a tertiary hospital in an area with confirmed cases. Throat-swab specimens collected from consecutive patients with fever (≥38°C) and flu-like symptoms from April 15 to April 25, 2013 were subjected to detect novel avian influenza ...

background & aim: the recent study was conducted to investigate the effects of thyme extract in drinking water on immune response of broiler chickens. experimental:  a total of 245 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and 20 chicks were bled for determination maternal antibody and remaining chicks divided into 5 equal groups. chickens of group a, b and c received 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% ofthy...

background and aims: adenovirus is one of the causative agents of viral conjunctivitis. approximately an average of 40% of viral conjunctivitis is due to adenovirus infection. the rate of infection is usually the highest during the spring and summer months. in this study attempt was made to evaluate the incidence of conjunctivitis due to adenovirus infection in patients referred to one of the a...

An H4N6 subtype avian influenza virus was isolated from a pockmark duck in southern China in November 2013 and named A/duck/Guangxi/149D24/2013 (H4N6). All eight gene segments of the strain were sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that this H4N6 virus was a natural reassortant virus. This H4N6 virus has two basic amino acids in the cleavage site of hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) and HA2, and the amin...

Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are common, widely distributed animals that frequently come into contact with wild waterfowl, agricultural operations, and humans. Serosurveys showed that raccoons are exposed to avian influenza virus. We found antibodies to a variety of influenza virus subtypes (H10N7, H4N6, H4N2, H3, and H1) with wide geographic variation in seroprevalence. Experimental infection stud...

Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is a major cause of bird or human mortality and morbidity, therefore the rapid identification of the virus is of important clinical and epidemiological implication. Methods: A multiplex Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was optimized for the detection of influenza A virus and the H5 and H9 subtypes. The influenza type A specific primers were directed to t...

Avian influenza viruses replicate in a variety of mammals and birds, yet hemagglutination inhibition tests show that postinfection sera from these animals (e.g., ferrets and ducks) have insignificant levels of antibodies (Hinshaw et al., Infect. Immun. 34:354-361, 1981). This suggested that avian influenza viruses, in contrast to mammalian viruses, may not induce a significant humoral response....

background and aims: infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes an acute, highly contagious respiratory and kidney disease of chickens which results in significant economic losses in commercial broilers, layers and breeders. rapid identification of ibv serotypes involved in respiratory complex is a problem in the differential diagnosis. materials and methods: in this study, a single and multiplex...

The influenza virus genes that confer efficient transmission of epidemic and pandemic strains in humans have not been identified. The rapid spread and severe disease caused by the 1918 influenza pandemic virus makes it an ideal virus to study the transmissibility of potentially pandemic influenza strains. Here, we used a series of human 1918-avian H1N1 influenza reassortant viruses to identify ...