Due to the worldwide water crisis and diminishing supplies, it is imperative reduce use reuse it. One possible source of washings created during purification drinking water. Backwashing constitutes 2–8% treated used globally; more commonly used, primarily for irrigation or expand surface/groundwater resources. Therefore, recirculating at beginning treatment system reasonable justifiable, as can...

Background & Aims of the Study: Spent filter backwash water (SFBW) consists of 1-5% of the total treated water typically and it has a high turbidity. Because of the scarcity of water resources and in order to prevent the environmental contamination, effluent treatment of rapid sand filter backwashing is unavoidable. One of the new technologies for removal of turbidity from the ...

We present the frailtyHL package for fitting semi-parametric frailty models using hlikelihood. This package allows lognormal or gamma frailties for random-effect distribution, and it fits shared or multilevel frailty models for correlated survival data. Functions are provided to format and summarize the frailtyHL results. The estimates of fixed effects and frailty parameters and their standard ...

As environmental regulations become more stringent, environmentally sound waste management and disposal are becoming increasingly more important in all aquaculture operations. One of the primary water quality parameters of concern is the suspended solids concentration in the discharged effluent. For example, EPA initially considered the establishment of numerical limitations for only one single...

Swash zone hydrodynamics has significant coastal geomorphological and engineering implications. However, there is still a research gap in fully understanding the response of bore-driven swash to varying beach slopes. Therefore, this study, laboratory experiments were performed flume investigate flows over impermeable smooth beaches with mild slope (1:35), steep (1:10), composite (1:35–1:10), re...