composition and structure of a three-storied fagus orientalis-dominated forest was investigated in the caspian forests, north of iran. circular sampling plots of 1000 m2 occupied by advance growth and natural regeneration were randomly chosen where the initial cuttings (with shelterwood aim) were performed. abundance of species at different growth stages and quality of seedlings and saplings we...

the evaluation of ecological characteristics of wildlife species has fundamental role in species management, because taking a decision for proper method of management is only possible by characterizing of ecological requirements of a species. in this study, suitable habitat of middle spotted woodpecker was investigated in golestan national park. presence and absence of birds and environmental v...

Little is known about how the brain learns to anticipate the timing of reward. A new study demonstrates that optogenetic activation of basal forebrain input is sufficient to train reward timing activity in the primary visual cortex.

Learning-induced or experience-dependent auditory cortical plasticity has often been characterized by frequency-specificity. Studies have revealed the critical role of the cholinergic basal forebrain and acoustic guidance. Cholinergic facilitation of specific thalamocortical inputs potentially determines such frequency-specificity but this issue requires further clarification. To examine the ch...

Large areas of forests in the Pacific Northwest are being transformed to younger forests, yet little is known about the impact this may have on hydrological cycles. Previous work suggests that old trees use less water per unit leaf area or sapwood area than young mature trees of the same species in similar environments. Do old forests, therefore, use less water than young mature forests in simi...