In existing models of decision under uncertainty where the decision maker may have multiple beliefs (vague beliefs) the different beliefs are not distinguished by their degree of reliability. This paper extends the model of vague beliefs in this direction: the decision maker may have multiple beliefs, but also has a complete order over them (a belief over his own beliefs, or higher order belief...

In this paper, a number of theoretical issues concerning rational beliefs in REBT will be discussed. In particular, a distinction will be made between rational beliefs which appear rational but are only partially rational (called here, partially formed rational beliefs) and rational beliefs that are fully rational (called here, fully formed rational beliefs). Making this distinction has a numbe...

This paper presents a general framework for studying diverse beliefs in dynamic economies. Within this general framework, the characterization of a central-planner general equilbrium turns out to be very easy to derive, and leads to a range of interesting applications. We show how for an economy with log investors holding diverse beliefs, rational overconfidence is to be expected; volume-of-tra...

It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to divide an agent’s explicit beliefs into two parts: the beliefs explicitly represented or manifest in memory, and the implicitly represented or constructive beliefs that are repeatedly reconstructed when needed rather than memorized. Many theories of knowledge view the relation between manifest and constructive beliefs as a logical relation, with t...

Human social interactions crucially depend on the ability to represent other agents' beliefs even when these contradict our own beliefs, leading to the potentially complex problem of simultaneously holding two conflicting representations in mind. Here, we show that adults and 7-month-olds automatically encode others' beliefs, and that, surprisingly, others' beliefs have similar effects as the p...

<p style="text-align: justify;">Systemic thinking skills are an increasingly important aspect of contemporary life for all students. Therefore, the first aim present study was to investigate relationship between systemic skills, epistemological beliefs, and mathematical beliefs in a sample 120 secondary school students aged 16-18 years Saudi Arabia. The second objective examine gender dif...

this article, first, examined the role of efl university students' critical thinking (ct) in their self-efficacy beliefs. second, the role of gender as a moderating factor in the relationship between students' ct and self-efficacy beliefs was investigated. third, the difference between females and males regarding their ct and efficacy beliefs was studied. to attain the goals of the research, 86...