Column separation refers to the breaking of liquid columns in fully filled pipelines. This may occur in a water hammer event when the pressure drops to the vapor pressure at specific locations such as closed ends, high points or knees (changes in pipe slope). A vapor cavity, driven by the inertia of the parting liquid columns, will start to grow. The cavity acts as a vacuum, a low-pressure poin...

"To a man with a hammer, everything looks like a nail"-Mark Twain

The extended state observer first proposed by Jingqing Han in [Control and Decision, 10(1)(1995), 85-88] is the key link toward the active disturbance rejection control that is taking off as a technology after numerous successful applications in engineering. Unfortunately, there is no a rigorous proof of convergence to date. In this paper, we attempt to tackle this long unsolved extraordinary p...

same disease in Assam. Dr. Bentley shews that the kidneys are not affected in beri-beri, and that albumen is not found in the urine, statements which tally with our own experience. We also speak from observation when we say that the pernicious form of anajmia, produced in some persons by the ravages of Anchylostomum duodcnale, cannot be confounded with beri-beri. Beri-beri seems to be a disease...

The hammer throw is an event in which a competitor tries to throw the hammer, a 16-pound (7.26 kg) ball attached to a handle with a length of piano wire (a length of 117.5 to 121.5 cm from ball to the inside of the handle), as far as possible within an arc of 35° from a concrete circle with a diameter of 2.13 m, combining a rotational movement with a translational movement. It is possible to sa...

Human communication systems, such as language, evolve culturally [Chater et al. 2009; Croft 2000]; their components undergo reproduction and variation. However, a role for selection in cultural evolutionary dynamics is less clear. Often neutral evolution (also known as 'drift') models, are used to explain the evolution of human communication systems [Blythe 2012; Nettle 1999; Reali and Griffith...

Preliminary to an attempt at measuring the relative intensities of overlapping tones in acoustically recorded piano music, this study investigated whether the relative peak sound levels of recorded piano tones can be reliably inferred from the levels of their two lowest harmonics, measured in the spectrum near tone onset. Acoustic recordings of single tones were obtained from two computer-contr...