moving in line with the postulation that metadiscourse (md) markers help transform a dry and tortuous piece of text into a coherent and reader-friendly one, the researchers in the current study attempted to investigate the effect different metadiscourse markers might have on iranian efl learners’ perception of written texts. to this end, 120 undergraduate english students were given three diffe...

metadiscourse is a widely used term in current discourse analysis and language education, referring to an interesting, and relatively new approach to conceptualizing interaction between text producers and their texts and between text producers and users. despite the growing importance of the term, however, it is often understood in different ways and used to refer to different aspects of langua...

Over the last several decades, epidemiology has incorporated into its practice a constellation of new methods that measure biologic attributes (1). The impact of these new technologies is evident in epidemiologic studies directed at the full spectrum of human disease. We can now provide information at the molecular level and have the capability of determining the biologically effective dose for...

Historically, suicide risk assessment has relied on question-and-answer type tools. These tools, built on psychometric advances, are widely used because of availability. Yet there is no known tool based on biologic and cognitive evidence. This absence often cause a vexing clinical problem for clinicians who question the value of the result as time passes. The purpose of this paper is to describ...

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent cancers and is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Treatments used for CRC may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The current standard drugs used in chemotherapy are 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in combination with irinotecan and/or oxaliplatin. Most recently, biologic agents hav...

Of the 189 air toxics listed in the Clean Air Act, a substantial number are important in potentially causing adverse health effects in several organ systems. Although the major health effects are manifested as respiratory diseases, especially airways disease, these agents may cause cancer and premature mortality, probably from cardiopulmonary disease. Validated biologic markers may be useful in...

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancers. Most patients with NSCLC present with locoregionally advanced or metastatic disease, for which response rates and median overall survival remain poor. Platinum-based chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for NSCLC in both a...

In breast cancer, proliferative activity represents one of the biologic processes most thoroughly investigated for its association with tumor progression. In addition to the mitotic activity component of pathologic grading systems, several proliferation indices have provided independent information on prognosis and response to specific treatments in large retrospective studies. Recently, result...