Recently, it has been proven that cartilage healing is difficult. The most commonly used treatments are autogenously cartilage grafting and allogeneic bone grafting, but grafts cannot fully meet treatment goals because of source, price, safety, and other concerns. Thus, a combination of biological materials and tissue engineering technology has become a recent trend in studies. Among the studie...

We develop a theory of enzyme catalysis within biological cells where the substrate concentration [S](t) is time dependent, in contrast to the Michaelis-Menten theory that assumes a steady state. We find that the time varying concentration can combine, in a non-linear way, with the ruggedness of the free energy landscape of enzymes (discovered both in single molecule studies and in simulations)...

The advent of gene therapy and cell therapy has led to reconsideration of standard therapies for cardiac disease. One such area of reconsideration is that of the cardiac pacemaker, which has been the mainstay of treatment for high-degree heart block and sinoatrial node dysfunction. Over the past five years, gene therapy has been used to explore the overexpression of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors...

Electric behavior of biological cells is driven by ion transport through the membrane induced by specific proteins. The cable model classically describes the membrane potential dynamics by analogy with an electrical circuit. We show the failure of this description when the various ion species get different diffusion times. The pertinent parameter which describes the membrane electrical stabilit...