Biological cells have long been of interest to researchers due their capacity actively control shape.

Biofuel cells have been widely used to generate bioelectricity. Early biofuel cells employ a semi-permeable membrane to separate the anodic and cathodic compartments. The impact of different membrane materials and compositions has also been explored. Some membrane materials are employed strictly as membrane separators, while some have gained significant attention in the immobilization of enzyme...

— This paper presents the most commonly used method to characterize individual biological cells on a dielectric point of view. It is a force based technique which lays on dielectrophoresis and/or electrorotation. First the principle of these phenomena are described and analyzed with an extension to magnetic forces at the micrometric scale level. Secondly we present an experimental setup which p...

At present there exists a large gap in size, performance, adaptability and robustness between natural and artificial information processors for performing coherent perception-action tasks under real-time constraints. Even the simplest organisms have an enviable capability of coping with an unknown dynamic environment. Robots, in contrast, are still clumsy if confronted with such complexity. Thi...

Contact mechanics is related to the deformation study of solids that meet each other at one or more points. The physical and mathematical formulation of the problem is established upon the mechanics of materials and continuum mechanics and focuses on computations involving bodies with different characteristics in static or dynamic contact. Contact mechanics gives essential information for the s...