Hypersalivation is one of the intractable symptoms of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. While anticholinergic medications partially improve the hypersalivation, they can aggravate the autonomic dysfunctions associated with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Thus, we investigated the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A injection on hypersalivation refractory to anticholine...

BACKGROUND A paucity of reports exist on the use of botulinum toxin type A injections as an alternative noninvasive treatment for masseteric hypertrophy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of botulinum toxin type A on masseteric hypertrophy using computed tomography. METHODS Percutaneous intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A of 30 U per side was carried out in 11 subjects with m...

Since 1936, when the type E strain of Clostridium botulinum was first established as a result of the work of Gunnison et al. (1936), 17 outbreaks of Type E botulism have been reported, involving 69 persons, of whom 21 died (Dolman and Chang, 1953; Dolman et al., 1955). Although the large proportion of fatalities suggests that this organism is highly toxigenic, published reports indicate that in...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis. DESIGN Multicentre, randomised, parallel group, placebo controlled trial. SETTING 17 dermatology and neurology clinics in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged 18-75 years with bilateral primary axillary hyperhid...

Chronic migraine is an important cause of functional disability and quality life deficits, affecting 12% the world population. Therefore, more treatment alternatives that promote better pain control are needed. So, botulinum toxin type A presents itself as a therapeutic option for this purpose. This integrative review aimed to analyze functionality PREEMPT protocol applied chronic migraine, ana...

Botulinum toxin is a natural purified protein and one of the strongest biological poisons--neurotoxin. It is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Its medical usage started in USA in 1981 and in Europe in 1992. There are seven different immune types of the toxin: A, B, C1, D, E, F and G. Toxin types A and B are used to decrease muscular spasticity. Botulinum toxin prevents the format...

the US market as two serotypes, is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholine release from the presynaptic terminal. Since its development for therapeutic use more than 30 years ago, the agent has proven extremely versatile for a range of neurologic indications and even for cosmetic uses. Currently, there are four preparations of botulinum toxin available in the US, three for botulinum toxin type A an...

Botulinum toxin has been thoroughly studied as a potential tool in the treatment of several pain syndromes. Therefore, we assessed the clinical effects of botulinum toxin type A injections in 12 patients with otherwise unresponsive idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Patients were infiltrated with 20-50 units of botulinum toxin in trigger zones. Those who presented with mandibular involvement were...

PURPOSE To investigate the effects of botulinum toxin type A(botulinum A toxin) on the autonomic and other non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve terminals. METHODS The effects of neurotoxin on twitch contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were studied in isolated rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles using isometric tension recording. RESULTS Botulinum A toxin(150 nM)...

Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by botulinum toxin, which is produced by the Clostridium botulinum. This toxin is the most poisonous substance known. It 100 000 times more toxic than sarin gas. Eating or breathing this toxin causes illness in humans. Four distinct clinical forms are described: foodborne, wound, infant and intestinal botulism. The fifth form, inhalational...