Botulinum toxin (BoNT), being one of the most toxic substances known to mankind, due its unique mechanism action is used as an effective treatment for many diseases, including strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm. BoNT has received particular use a long-acting analgesic ability inhibit exocytosis pain neuropeptides, CGRP, Substance P, modulate expression pain-related receptors TRPV1,...

Persistent genital arousal disorder is described in a spontaneous, persistent, and uncontrollable genital arousal in women, with or without orgasm or genital engorgement, unrelated to any feelings of sexual desire. This study aimed to argue that application of Botulinum toxin in the periclitoral region in order to block the dorsal nerve of the clitoris might decrease symptoms of persistent geni...

The tremendous success of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX(R), Allergan Inc.) in the cosmetic arena has acted as a stimulus for the development of other neurotoxins. After more than 2 decades of use, BOTOX(R) has become synonymous with wrinkle reduction and is considered to be the one of the most common non-surgical cosmetic procedures performed worldwide. Because of its vast popularity among pati...

Botulinum toxin is a new method for treating masseteric hypertrophy, which offers many advantages over conventional surgical treatment. We describe the successful outpatient medical management of two patients with masseteric hypertrophy using botulinum toxin type A. No significant side effects occurred and the patients were satisfied cosmetically six months after the treatment.

Growth initiated from detoxified spores of Clostridium botulinum 62A resulted in toxin production of 50 to 10,000 mouse lethal doses (MLD) per gram of processed soft surface-ripened cheese. Regular assays during subsequent storage of toxic samples at 2 to 4 C revealed a characteristic two- to fivefold increase in toxin titer during the initial 1 week to 12 months of storage. Thereafter, the tox...

conclusions these finding showed that dysport can be significantly effective in reducing the amount of saliva for 18 weeks. results in this study, the effect of dysport on the amount of drooling of the participants at the sixth, 12th, and 18th weeks after treatment was significantly decreased (p value of 0.00016, 0.0001, and 0.00011, respectively). however, after 24 weeks, this difference was n...

We report the case of a 49-year-old woman who has the rare combination of myasthenia gravis and cervical dystonia. She was treated with botulinum toxin type A with good response and no evidence of deterioration of the myasthenic symptoms. We therefore conclude that it is possible to use botulinum toxin in the presence of defective neuromuscular transmission.

We used the knockout mice lacking gangliosides and evaluated their response to tetanus and botulinum toxins. We found that tetanus toxin and botulinum type A or B toxin was less toxic in the knockout mice. We conclude that the toxins bind to the gangliosides on the synapses in the initial step of intoxication prior to penetration of the toxins into the neural cells.

The current literature and state of the art on use of botulinum toxin type-A in the treatment of glabellar rhytids was reviewed. Botulinum toxin type-A is a safe and effective way to manage glabellar rhytids. Mastery of the anatomy of the glabellar region, familiarity with the products currently available on the market and judicious dosing results in excellent cosmetic results with minimal adve...

Use of botulinum toxin is expanding as the clinical studies demonstrate new potential therapeutic applications. In rehabilitation, botulinum toxin is above all used as adjunct therapy for the treatment of spasticity, but it may prove useful for other atypical clinical situations. A 17-year-old man had a sub-arachnoid haemorrhage following the rupture of cerebral aneurism. The patient presented ...