IMPORTANCE This study presents an innovative method for developing a neuromuscular model of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OBJECTIVE To establish a new OSA animal model simulating real upper airway conditions during sleep. DESIGN AND SETTING In vivo animal study at an academic tertiary referral center. SUBJECTS A total of 27 New Zealand white male rabbits were used. INTERVENTION Sleep w...

BACKGROUND The objective of the study was to determine whether botulinum toxin type A injections can serve as a prognosticator for migraine surgery success. METHODS Patients who underwent migraine surgery from 2000 to 2010 by the senior author (B.G.) were reviewed. Patients were included if they had botulinum toxin type A injection before surgery; had completed postinjection, postsurgery Migr...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate published evidence of efficacy and safety of pharmacologic treatments for childhood spasticity due to cerebral palsy. METHODS A multidisciplinary panel systematically reviewed relevant literature from 1966 to July 2008. RESULTS For localized/segmental spasticity, botulinum toxin type A is established as an effective treatment to reduce spasticity in the upper and lower...

BACKGROUND Frey s syndrome or Gustatory sweating was first described by Baillarger in 1853. Lucie Frey had described a patient as "auriculotemporal syndrome" in 1923. The explanation for this symptom has been an aberrant regeneration of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers feeding the parotid gland that are severed during parotidectomy. After parotidectomy, these cholinergic parasympathetic fi...

Botulinum toxin, the causal agent of botulism, is employed in therapeutic settings for a number purposes. toxin injections address aesthetic issues induced or worsened by muscle contraction controlling local neurotransmission. Therapy has transient impact; recovery generally clinically visible few months following treatment. Improper injection placement diffusion to unintended locations might r...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX A) into the orbicularis oculi muscle and lacrimal gland in patients with aberrant regeneration after facial palsy (facial synkinesias and hyperlacrimation). METHODS The effect of the toxin injection (on average 75 mouse units of BTX A) into the orbicularis oculi muscle on facial synkinesias was assessed on a fiv...

BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin type A treatment has been used for over 20 years to enhance the appearance of the face. There are several commercially available botulinum toxin type A products used in aesthetic clinical practice. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to compare the clinical efficacy of the most commonly used botulinum toxin type A preparations in daily practice. METHODS Physi...

flushing is a condition with episodic attacks of redness of the skin with a sensation of warmth or burning, this disease causes emotional and functional problems in patients. there is various treatments for this condition; one of them is the use of botulinum toxin-a (bta). in this prospective pilot study we studied the effect of botulinum toxin-a (bta) effect on dlqi of patients with facial flu...