Botulinum is a family of toxins produced by the anaerobic organism Clostridia botulinum. There are seven distinct serotypes designated as type A, B, C-1, D, E, F, and G. In the United States, four preparations of botulinum are commercially available, three using type A serotype and one using type B. The three formulations of botulinum toxin type A are onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX), abobotulinumtox...

The toxin of Clostridium butyricum strains isolated from two infants with botulism is neutralized by antitoxin for type E botulinum toxin. This toxin and that of a C. botulinum type E strain were purified by the same protocol. Both toxins were Mr 145,000 proteins which, when activated with trypsin, were composed of an H subunit of Mr 105,000 and an L subunit of Mr 50,000. The activated specific...

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most poisonous substances known and its eight toxin types (A to H) are distinguished by the inability of polyclonal antibodies that neutralize one toxin type to neutralize any of the other seven toxin types. Infant botulism, an intestinal toxemia orphan disease, is the most common form of human botulism in the United States. It results from swallowed spores of...

A rapid, quantitative PCR assay (TaqMan assay) which quantifies Clostridium botulinum type E by amplifying a 280-bp sequence from the botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) gene is described. With this method, which uses the hydrolysis of an internal fluoregenic probe and monitors in real time the increase in the intensity of fluorescence during PCR by using the ABI Prism 7700 sequence detection ...

Cause Avian botulism is a paralytic, often fatal, disease of birds that results when they ingest toxin produced by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. Seven distinct types of toxin designated by the letters A to G have been identified (Table 38.1). Waterfowl die-offs due to botulism are usually caused by type C toxin; sporadic die-offs among fish-eating birds, such as common loons and gulls, ...

approved: K. S. Pilcher In this study of toxigenic and non -toxigenic strains of Clostridium botulinum type E, attempts were made to induce toxin production in non -toxigenic cultures by exposure to mutagenic agents and to differentiate the organisms by immunodiffusion. First, cultures of non -toxic Cl. botulinum type E were exposed to various mutagenic agents in an attempt to produce toxigenic...

BACKGROUND This study was designed to assess whether preoperative trigger-site confirmation using botulinum toxin type A injections significantly improved migraine surgery outcomes. METHODS The medical charts of 335 migraine surgery patients were reviewed. Patients who received stepwise diagnostic botulinum toxin type A injections were placed in the botulinum toxin type A group (n = 245). Pat...

botulinum toxin a (bta) inhibits presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and has reportedly been successful in the treatment of spastic disorders.to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin on cerebral palsied children with spastic or mixed type of the disease, especially those patiens having spasticity as a cardinal symptom without joint contracture, we designed the fo...

conclusions bont-a improves clbp with a low incidence of side effects and can be used as a therapeutic tool in the management of these patients. results after 4 weeks, 76% of patients in the bont-a group reported pain relief compared to 20% in the saline group (p < 0. 005). additionally, greater pain relief was experienced by patients in the bont-a group at 8 weeks (64% vs. 12%; p < 0. 001). by...