option of defect is one of common options between sale and rent contracts, however, it has special rules and conditions in those contracts. in the sale contracts, any defect in the sold or bought thing causes the victim has option of defect but in the rent contracts, only the defect creates option of defect that causes hardship in using of goods or reducing of benefits. in the sale, defect of s...

The non-excludable and non-rivalrous characteristics of public goods distinguish them from private goods. existence these two leads to the “free rider problem” variation problem, making market supply less than actual demand, thus causing failure. government should therefore intervene against this impact. At beginning 2020, global outbreak novel COVID-19 brought significant harm various countrie...

Along with the development of social economy in recent years, all walks life society have made obvious progress and development, such as construction industry. At present, people’s demand for housing is getting higher higher, has gradually developed into a necessity from former luxury goods. The increase market brought new to industry, number similar enterprises industry increasing. This also m...

Digital economy is a new form of economic and social development based on generation information technology. The rapid cloud computing, Internet Things, big data, 5G other technologies infrastructure have promoted the China's digital economy. Due to digitization goods services intangibility assets in model, it has also brought opportunities challenges traditional tax collection management model...

In the Iranian economy, part of the governmentchr('39')s fiscal policies and liabilities is always financed by banks. As government debt to banks increases, the private sectorchr('39')s access to loans and facilities is limited. It can cause undesirable macroeconomic outcomes. This study investigates the macroeconomic effects of government debt on banks in Iran over 1972–2016 by using an SVAR m...

Since the pioneering work of Kelvin on Laplace tidal equations, a zoology trapped waves have been found in context coastal dynamics. Among them, one originally computed by plays particular role, as it is an unidirectional mode filling frequency gap between different wave bands. The existence such robust to changes boundary shape and underlying model for coast. This suggests topological interpre...