Since 2003, triple reassortant (TR) swine H3N2 influenza viruses containing gene segments from human, avian, and swine origins have been detected in the U.S. turkey populations. The initial outbreak that occurred involved birds that were vaccinated with the currently available H3 swine- and avian-origin influenza vaccines. Antigenically, all turkey swine-lineage TR H3N2 isolates are closely rel...

Adaptation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) from waterfowl to domestic poultry with a deletion in the neuraminidase (NA) stalk has already been reported. The way the virus undergoes this evolution, however, is thus far unclear. We address this question using pyrosequencing of duck and turkey low-pathogenicity AIVs. Ducks and turkeys were sampled at the very beginning of an H6N1 outbreak, and t...

Sporozoites and 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation merozoites of Eimeria meleagrimitis were inoculated into primary cultures of turkey kidney cells. In vitro-excysted sporozoites developed into mature macrogamonts in 8 days; in vivo-excysted sporozoites developed into 2nd- or 3rd-generation schizonts within 5 to 7 days. First-generation merozoites obtained from infected turkeys produced mature 2nd-...

To determine if the effects of propranolol on hypertension and the arterial wal I persisted for a significant time after the medication was discontinued, various parameters were compared at 16 weeks in control turkeys (CC), in birds on the medication from 3 days to 16 weeks (PP), and in others that were treated only from 3 days to 10 weeks (PC). At 16 weeks, arterial blood pressure, maximum rat...

Often Americans, even experienced observers, seem surprised that in the late 1980s the British government decided to make fundamental changes in the British National Health Service (NHS), introducing ideas visibly adapted from the United States. More than 6 years have elapsed since Margaret Thatcher, then prime minister, introduced the Review, which led to these fundamental changes. Now that th...

The current study examined the relation between self-esteem and the Big Five personality dimensions. Data were collected over the Internet from a large heterogeneous sample of individuals who ranged in age from 9 to 90 years (N 5 326,641). Collectively, the Big Five accounted for 34% of the variance in self-esteem. High self-esteem individuals were emotionally stable, extraverted, and conscient...

This study was conducted to reexamine the hypothesis that human metapneumovirus (hMPV) will not infect turkeys. Six groups of 2-week-old turkeys (20 per group) were inoculated oculonasally with 1 of the following: noninfected cell suspension; hMPV genotype A1, A2, B1, or B2; or avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype C. Poults inoculated with hMPV showed nasal discharge days 4-9 postexposure. Spec...

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was found to cause growth retardation in both turkeys and chickens after experimental intra-air sac administration and to cause growth retardation together with airsacculitis and pneumonia after aerosol administration. Both turkey and chicken isolates of O. rhinotracheale were able to induce the same kind of respiratory inflammations and weight-gain losses in chi...

Lucy A. Hawkes, Graham R. Scott, Jessica U. Meir, Peter B. Frappell, and William K. Milsom School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Aus...

1Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; 2Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 3British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC; 4Héma-Québec, Research and Development Department, Québec, QC; 5Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; 6Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of...