Although forty-nine states have balanced budget requirements, states still consistently face massive budgetary shortfalls. Many states face serious enforcement issues, leaving the states vulnerable to violations of their balanced budget requirements through budgetary manipulation and gimmicks. Although not easily resolved, these problems could be mitigated or settled entirely through the use of...

Abstract_______________________________________________________________________ The literature concerning the U.S. federal deficit and its implications for the federal government's intertemporal budget constraint seems to have reached a tentative conclusion that starting with the Reagan administration the U.S. federal government has violated its intertemporal budget constraint. Recently the pop...

The ecological effects of environmental stress occur within complex communities and ecosystems. Prior to the current award, the PIs formulated and tested general dynamic energy budget models characterizing the response of individual organisms to toxicants, and developed methodology for using these models to predict population dynamics. They also developed new theory describing the trophic dynam...

This thesis collects three interrelated chapters of empirical work, which are connected to each other in the sense of testing UK fiscal policy. The first chapter investigates whether the UK fiscal policy was consistent with an intertemporal budget constraint for a long period of time from 1955 to 2006. I find evidence of sustainability with three structural breaks, respectively occurring in the...

Nominal government debt, including the monetary base, is a residual claim to government surpluses. Thus, the value of Þat money can be determined in a completely frictionless economy, just like the price of stock. The main theoretical objection to this Þscal theory of the price level is that it mistreats the government’s intertemporal budget constraint. I show that the valuation equation for no...

GUNNAR PETTER* , † , MARKUS WEITERE, OTTO RICHTER* AND SYLVIA MOENICKES* , § *Institute of Geoecology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Biodiversity, Macroecology & Conservation Biogeography Group, University of G€ottingen, G€ottingen, Germany Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany Faculty of Life Sciences, Environmental Systems An...

Bioethanol and biobutanol hold great promise as alternative biofuels, especially for transport sector, because they can be produced from lignocellulosic agro-industrial residues. From techno-economic point of view, the bioprocess for biofuels production should involve minimal processing steps. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which combines various processing steps such as pretreatment, hydrol...

Supplemental Material Transport and Retention of Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Coated Silver Nanoparticles in Natural Soils Dengjun Wang 1, , Deb P. Jaisi , Jing Yan , Yan Jin , Dongmei Zhou * 1 Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 2 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark...

____________________________________________________________________ ii Chapter 1_____________________________________________________________________1 1. Towards Improving Representative Democracy in Canada _____________________________ 1 1.1. Defining Democracy: A “Dynamic Balance” ______________________________________________1 1.2. The Contemporary Model: Representative Democracy __________...