The principles of humane experimental technique, first described by Russell and Burch in 1959, focus on minimising suffering to animals used for scientific purposes. Internationally, as these principles became embedded in the various systems of oversight for the use of animals in science, attention focused on how to minimise pain, distress and lasting harm to animals while maximising the benefi...

Lead arsenate was used on orchard soils as a pesticide from 1900 to 1960. An in vitro method has been used to determine the bioaccessiblity of Pb in soils contaminated by Pb paint, fossil fuel combustion, and metallurgical industries. The Pb fraction that is potentially bioavailable from orchard soils, however, has not been reported. Potential reductions in availability of Pb and As as a result...

OBJECTIVE To provide an introduction to the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure, placing it in the context of minimally invasive surgeries for the treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women, and to provide guidance to surgeons counselling women on the merits of this surgical choice. OPTIONS This discussion is limited to surgical treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women. ...

OBJECTIVE To assess the number and the types of surgical intervention for urinary incontinence among women in France. We are assuming that techniques by suburethral sling (SUS) have replaced Burch colposuspension. MATERIAL Using French hospital discharge data from the 2009 medical information system program (PMSI), we analyzed with regard to three relatively homogeneous diagnosis-related grou...

A crise tireotóxica (CT) é uma condição de emergência endocrinológica que ameaça a vida dos pacientes. Ela manifestação extrema tireotoxicose, precipitada por algum fator variável, seus sintomas são decorrentes do estado hipermetabólico e hiperadrenérgico instaurado pelos elevados níveis hormônios tireoidianos. Seu diagnóstico essencialmente clínico foi otimizado pela criação critérios como o B...