Modifications of cis-regulatory DNAs, particularly enhancers, underlie changes in gene expression during animal evolution. Here, we present evidence for a distinct mechanism of regulatory evolution, whereby a novel pattern of gene expression arises from altered gene targeting of a conserved enhancer. The tinman gene complex (Tin-C) controls the patterning of dorsal mesodermal tissues, including...

Human rhinovirus species C (HRV-C) was recently discovered using molecular diagnostic techniques and is associated with lower respiratory tract disease, particularly in children. HRV-C cannot be propagated in immortalized cell lines, and currently sinus organ culture is the only system described that is permissive to HRV-C infection ex vivo. However, the utility of organ culture for studying HR...

Surfactin originated from genus Bacillus is composed of a heptapeptide moiety bonded to the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of a β-hydroxy fatty acid and it can be chemically modified to prepare the derivatives with different structures, owing to the existence of two free carboxyl groups in its peptide loop. This article presents the chemical modification of surfactin esterified with three differe...

Abstract Objective Although many bacterial culture media are available commercially, there is a continuous effort to develop better selective for bacteria, which cannot be grown on existing media. While exploring antibacterial properties of clove, we observed that it has the potential selectively inhibit growth certain types bacteria. This led us do experiments, resulted in developing new allow...

Structural relationships were studied among ternary Laves phases in the system ZrFe2 -ZrCr2 . Among the phenomena observed was the allotropy in ZrCr 2 , which was shown to exhibit a high temperature modification of the hexagonal C14 structure type close to the melting point and a low temperature modification of the C15 cubic type. In connection with the latter observation was the fact that at 8...

Chemerin is a chemotactic protein that binds to the G protein-coupled receptor, ChemR23. We demonstrate that murine chemerin possesses potent antiinflammatory properties that are absolutely dependent on proteolytic processing. A series of peptides was designed, and only those identical to specific C-terminal chemerin sequences exerted antiinflammatory effects at picomolar concentrations in vitr...

Studies presented here show that some functions of the human herpesvirus, EBV, may be transcriptionally differentially expressed in two cell types which carry the same (C15) isolate of this virus. Of the 'latent' viral functions investigated, only one (TP2) of the episomally-specific genes that encode terminal proteins (TP1 and TP2) is found to be expressed in the C15 epithelial cell tumour env...

Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease of cereal crops whose worldwide incidence is increasing and at present there is no satisfactory way of combating this pathogen or its associated toxins. There is a wide variety of trichothecene mycotoxins and they all contain a 12,13-epoxytrichothecene skeleton but differ in their substitutions. Indeed, there is considerable variation in the toxin p...

Selecting proper mechanical processing can improve performance of miscanthus substrates. We studied the effects methods on substrate morphology, hydrological properties, pH, and nitrogen immobilization. Miscanthus × giganteus biomass was processed into field chips (FC, forage harvester), shreds (S5, fraying machine through a 5-mm screen) (C15, C10, C5 C3, hammermill with screen size 15, 10, 5, ...

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from diesel fuel is known to be significantly sourced the atmospheric oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons. In this study, formation linear alkane SOA was predicted using Unified Partitioning Aerosol Phase Reaction (UNIPAR) model that simulated multiphase reactions model, oxygenated products photooxidation alkanes a nearly explicit gas kinetic mechanism....