We used the Cellular Automata Markov (CA-Markov) integrated technique to study land use and cover (LULC) changes in Cholistan Thal deserts Punjab, Pakistan. plotted distribution of LULC throughout desert terrain for years 1990, 2006 2022. The Random Forest methodology was utilized classify data obtained from Landsat 5 (TM), 7 (ETM+) 8 (OLI/TIRS), as well ancillary data. maps generated using thi...

The northern part of the Southern rivers, which is subject this study, lies between 18° 54' and 14° 48' north latitude 11° 30' 12° west longitude. It characterized by a dense hydrographic network dominated maritime marshes expanses salty lands mangrove mudflats that have developed on vast coastal plain. objective study to analyze spatio-temporal changes geomorphologi...

Determining the rules that lead to expansion of urban areas has always been a challenging factor in modeling. To overcome this issue, an ANFIS model is proposed enhance simulation growth through automatic production transition rules. Hence, 22 models were trained using different division methods and Cellular Automata-based Markov Chain (CA-MC) was developed examine their efficiencies. The resul...

With the rapid development of social economy, sustainable use land is becoming more and important. Based on GIS remote sensing technology, work processed status data Qingzhen in 2016 2020, obtained dynamic change during period, analyzed its structure, quantity degree. Finally, we used CA-Markov model to obtain flow direction probability type. Results showed that rate non-agricultural increase, ...

The land use cover change and its modeling approach has recently been considered by the scientific community to observe environmental changes. Remote Sensing Geographical Information System (GIS) give major techniques which can be useful in analysis at town locale as well city levels. RS data from Thematic Mapper sensor of 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, 2018, Operational Land Imager 2018 were used for...

Accurate simulation and analysis of wireless networks are inherently dependent on accurate models which are able to provide real-time channel characterization. High-order Markov chains are typically used to model errors and losses over wireless channels. However, complexity (i.e., the number of states) of a high-order Markov model increases exponentially with the memory-length of the underlying...

in this paper, we show that the chapman-kolmogorov formula could be used as a recursive formula for computing the m-step-ahead conditional density of a markov bilinear model. the stationary marginal probability density function of the model may be approximated by the m-step-ahead conditional density for sufficiently large m.

The paper examines the application of semi-Markov models to the phenomenon of earthquakes in Tehran province. Generally, earthquakes are not independent of each other, and time and place of earthquakes are related to previous earthquakes; moreover, the time between earthquakes affects the pattern of their occurrence; thus, this occurrence can be likened to semi-Markov models. ...