Breast cancer civil society, as represented by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in this study, can play an essential role in breast cancer control. Their breast cancer-related programs often reflect the breast cancer burden and the resources available for cancer control within the country or region they serve. This report reviews organizational features and program activities of 154 NGOs i...

The complex environmental context must be considered as we move forward to improve cancer care and, ultimately, patient and population outcomes. The cancer care continuum represents several care types, each of which includes multiple technical and communication steps and interfaces among patients, providers, and organizations. We use two case scenarios to 1) illustrate the variability, diversit...

We give a monadic semantics in the category of FM-cpos to a higher-order CBV language with recursion and dynamically allocated mutable references that may store both ground data and the addresses of other references, but not functions. This model is adequate, though far from fully abstract. We then develop a relational reasoning principle over the denotational model, and show how it may be used...

INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer presents a global public health dilemma. While screening with prostate specific antigen (PSA) has led to more men diagnosed with prostate cancer than in previous years, the potential for negative effects from over-diagnosis and treatment cannot be ignored. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed Medline for recent articles that discuss clinical trials, evidence based re...

BACKGROUND In the People's Republic of China, both western medicine (WM) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are the main treatment and rehabilitation options for cancer patients. This study aimed to explore cancer survivors' perspectives and experience of treatment and rehabilitation, in order to promote patient-centered activities of treatment and rehabilitation. METHODS Using a qualitat...

In lazy functional languages, .l. is typically an element of every type. While this provides great flexibility, it also comes at a cost. In this paper we explore the consequences of allowing unpointed types in a lazy functional language like HaskeU. We use the type (and class) system to keep track of pointedness, and show the consequences for parametricity and for controlling evaluation order a...

Globally, an increasing and aging population is contributing to the prevalence of cancer. To be effective, cancer care needs to involve the coordination of multidisciplinary specialties, and also needs to be affordable, accessible, and capable of producing optimal patient outcomes. Porter and Teisberg (2006) have postulated that shifting current healthcare strategies from volume-based to patien...

In 2005, a patient we’ll call Don was diagnosed with an advanced oral cancer. He received a grim prognosis citing “immediate surgery” as the best option, even though it would have rendered Don unable to speak. Don sought a second opinion at Mayo Clinic, where a team of three cancer specialists met with him. They recommended radiation and chemotherapy but not surgery. Don and his wife temporaril...