Epidemiological studies of the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been conducted over many years. These studies have examined, inter alia, mortality and cancer incidence among the survivors. This paper summarises the form of the studies undertaken, outlines the main findings and describes how these results can be used in deriving estimates of radiation risks. In doi...

Competing risks survival data that comprises of more than one type of event has been used in many applications, and one of these is in clinical study (e.g. in breast cancer study). The decision tree method can be extended to competing risks survival data by modifying the split function so as to accommodate two or more risks which might be dependent on each other. Recently, researchers have cons...

BACKGROUND Germline mutations in MSH6 account for 10%-20% of Lynch syndrome colorectal cancers caused by hereditary DNA mismatch repair gene mutations. Because there have been only a few studies of mutation carriers, their cancer risks are uncertain. METHODS We identified 113 families of MSH6 mutation carriers from five countries that we ascertained through family cancer clinics and populatio...

BACKGROUND Literature shows the effects of type of cancer and/or anticancer treatment on live birth percentages and/or pregnancy and neonatal complications in female cancer survivors. However, studies analyzing the obstetric and offspring risks of the morbid conditions associated with previous anti-cancer treatments are missing. The present review aims to uncover these risks. METHODS A litera...

: In this short commentary, we discuss the most important risk factors for liver cancer. One of the most striking risks is infection with hepatitis B and C viruses, leading to chronic hepatitis, which may later develop into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The use of alcohol may lead to cirrhosis, which is scarring the liver, is associated with 30 a more increase in HCC and 10-20 times more incr...

This study intends to calculate the lifetime cancer risks resulting from intakes of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water based on the presence of each THM species. The slope factors for each THM species are used, combined with exposure model and Monte Carlo simulations, to calculate the cancer risks with consideration of different exposure routes (oral ingestion, inhalation and dermal absor...

This paper summarizes what is known about preventable causes of occupational cancer, including single agents, complex mixtures, and broad occupational associations. Epidemiologic methods have been very successful in documenting cancer risks associated with single agents. Epidemiologic data are most conclusive when an exposure-response relationship can be demonstrated. Examples of agents for whi...

PURPOSE To demonstrate a limitation of lifetime radiation-induced cancer risk metrics in the setting of testicular cancer surveillance-in particular, their failure to capture the delayed timing of radiation-induced cancers over the course of a patient's lifetime. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval was obtained for the use of computed tomographic (CT) dosimetry data in t...

BACKGROUND Observational studies have suggested that antioxidant nutrients may reduce cancer and overall mortality risks. However, most randomized trials have failed to show survival benefits. Examining nonlinear associations between antioxidant levels and health outcomes may help to explain these discrepant findings. METHODS We evaluated all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality risks ...

BACKGROUND CASR gene appears to be involved in cancer biology and physiology. However, a number of studies investigating CASR polymorphisms and cancer risks have presented inconclusive results. Thus, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the effect of CASR polymorphisms on several cancer risks were performed to suggest a statistical evidence for the association of CASR polymorphisms with c...