Pesticides are major contaminating chemicals in agriculture environment and a hazard to exposed population. These compounds are absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Their bioavailability in the individuals can lead to a variety of metabolic and systemic dysfunctions, and even outright disease states. Therefore, the tremendous usage of pesticides has promoted toxicological stud...

Areawide pest management involves the uniform application of a pest control strategy overwidegeographic areas. Therefore, theseprograms are likely to impose intense selectivepressures, and the risk for resistancedevelopment amongpest species forwhich areawidemanagement programs are implemented is likely tobehigh.Pilot studies for areawidemanagementofwesterncorn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera vi...

There are many types of biomarkers; the two common ones are biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of effect. The utility of a biomarker for estimating exposures or predicting risks depends on the strength of the correlation between biomarker concentrations and exposure/effects. In the current study, a combined exposure and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model of...

Temperate fruit crops are an important economic activity for growers in southern Brazil. However, several pest species are associated to apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) crops in Brazil. Pesticides are largely used to control them and one way to change this is to combine selective pesticides and predator insects. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of the abamectin, carbaryl, fe...

Field-based bioassays and residue profile analysis were used to determine the relative toxicity, rainfastness, and field degradation over time of five insecticides from five insecticide classes on adult Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in grapes, Vitis labrusca L. Bioassays assessed Japanese beetle condition as alive, knockdown, or immobile when exposed for...

In exposure or risk assessments, both environmental and biological measurements are often used. Environmental measurements are an excellent means for evaluating regulatory compliance, but the models used to estimate body burden from these measurements are complex. Unless all possible routes of exposure (i.e., inhalation, dermal absorption, ingestion) are evaluated, exposure to a toxicant can be...

The susceptibility of local head lice to permethrin, sumithrin, deltamethrin, and carbaryl was determined by laboratory bioassays in field-collected colonies. Head lice collected from the infested heads of children 6-12 yr old were tested within 3 h of collection. The longest survival of control insects in the laboratory was obtained by keeping them in the dark at 18 degrees C and 70-80% RH. Th...

The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of seasonal variations (abiotic factors) on the toxicity of carbaryl to L. acuminata. In each month during the year 2006-2007, the 24h LC50 values of the molluscicide carbaryl were determined in an out-door study with the snail Lymnaea acuminata, with concomitant estimation of levels of abiotic factors viz., temperature, pH, dissolved oxyge...

Consumption of pesticide contaminated vegetables pose a major threat to public health. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a Photo Diode Array detector (PDA) was used to determine two organochlorines (methoxychlor and DDT), seven organophosphorus (acephate, chlorpyrifos, fenthion, fenitrothion, malathion, parathion, and ethion), two carbamate (carbaryl and carbofuran) and one pyr...

Complete mineralization of the N-methylcarbamate insecticide carbofuran, including mineralization of the aromatic moiety, appears to be confined to sphingomonad isolates. Here, we report the first draft genome sequence of such a sphingomonad strain, i.e., Novosphingobium sp. KN65.2, isolated from carbofuran-exposed agricultural soil in Vietnam.