Murraya koenigii L. (Rutaceae), commonly known as curry leaf tree, closely associated with south India where the word “curry” originates from the Tamil “kari” for spiced sauces. Curry leaves are a rich source of carbazole alkaloids which possess various biological activities such as antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Curry leaf has a potential role in the treatment of diabetes....

Paradoxical kinesia refers to a sudden transient ability of akinetic patients to perform motor tasks they are otherwise unable to perform. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown due a paucity of valid animal models that faithfully reproduce paradoxical kinesia. Here, in a first experiment, we present a new method to study paradoxical kinesia by "awakening" cataleptic rats through...

objective(s): neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in pathogenesis of parkinson’s disease (pd). in the present study we investigated the effect of reactive oxygen species (ros) scavenger wr-1065 on catalepsy and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) level of interleukin 6(il-6) and striatum superoxide dismutase (sod) activity  in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ohda) induced experimental model of pd...

objective(s): neuroinflammation in parkinson disease (pd) is associated with glial cells activation and production of different inflammatory cytokines. in this study, we investigated the effect of chronic administration of 8-oh-dpat on 6-ohda-induced catalepsy and levels of inflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (csf).   materials and methods: catalepsy was induced by unilateral infusion...

The modified dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests a hyperdopaminergic state in subcortical brain regions, which is believed to cause positive symptoms, while cortical regions may show a hypodopaminergic state which is believed to generate negative and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms are improved by typical antipsychotic drug (APD) treatment. However, negative and cognitive s...

Acetylcholine (ACh) esterase inhibitors like galantamine and donepezil have been tested as adjunct treatment in schizophrenia. Although ACh esterase inhibition might confer some antipsychotic activity, the role of allosteric potentiation of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), which is an additional mechanism of galantamine, remains elusive. Therefore, the potential antipsychotic-like effects of g...

The effects of the AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 (1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine HCl) on haloperidol-induced catalepsy were tested in drug-naive rats and in rats pretreated with the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CGP 37849 (DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid). CGP 37849 (4 mg/kg i.p.) given alone significantly reversed haloperid...

Guanosine (GUO) is a guanine-based purine nucleoside with important trophic functions and promising neuroprotective properties. Although the neuroprotective effects of GUO have been corroborated in cellular models of Parkinson's disease (PD), its efficacy as an antiparkinsonian agent has not been fully explored in PD animal models. Accordingly, we evaluated the effectiveness of GUO in reversing...

Oxydemeton-methyl, an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide produced decrease in the exploratory behaviour and prolongation of barbitone sodium induced hypnosis in rats after intermittent aerosol spray inhalational exposure, for 1/2 hour daily for 7 consecutive days, compared to the saline control group. Further, ED50 +/- SEM value for haloperidol induced catalepsy, CD50 +/- SEM value for p...

To investigate the mechanism underlying sulpiride-induced catalepsy, we simultaneously examined cataleptic behavior and the kinetics of the dopamine receptor antagonist, sulpiride of dopamine, and the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), using in vivo voltammetry. After intrastriatal administration of sulpiride to freely moving rats, the levels increased, peaked at 20 min...