T he Causal relationship between financial development and economic growth has received divergent views in the literature under the traditional Granger approach to causality using data from various countries. The more recent Toda and Yamamoto and Dolado and Lütkepohl (TYDL) approach to causality were used to investigate the causal relationship between financial development and econom...

Causal relations are of fundamental importance for human perception and reasoning. According to the nature of causality, causality has explicit and implicit forms. In the case of explicit form, causal-effect relations exist at either clausal or discourse levels. The implicit causal-effect relations heavily rely on empirical analysis and evidence accumulation. This paper proposes a comprehensive...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Ingestion of the medicinal herb kava has been associated with hepatotoxicity. We aimed to compare two different quantitative methods of causality assessment of patients with assumed hepatotoxicity by the herb. METHODS We assessed causality in 26 patients from Germany and Switzerland, using two structured quantitative analytical methods: the system of Maria and Victori...