The localization of human hand primary motor area (M1) has been the object of several studies during the last decades. EEG source analysis, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are non-invasive methods for localizing M1 with good accuracy compared to direct electrocorticography (ECoG) results. EEG sources were reconstructed with Cortical...

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a neurobehavioural syndrome affecting aged dogs. Using a large cross-sectional epidemiological study of older dogs, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CCD amongst community based dogs (mean age 11.67years; range 8-19.75) and to determine the rate of veterinary diagnosis amongst affected dogs. An 84-item questionnaire was used to obtain informati...

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative condition characterised by changes in decline in learning and memory patterns. The neurodegenerative features of CCD in ageing dogs and cats are similar to human ageing and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Discovering neuroprotective disease-modifying therapies against CCD and AD is a major challenge. Strong evidence supports the...

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread among bacterial chromosomes and mobile genetic elements. Although in plasmids TA systems have a clear role in their vertical inheritance by selectively killing plasmid-free daughter cells (postsegregational killing or addiction phenomenon), the physiological role of chromosomally encoded ones remains under debate. The assumption that chromosomally enc...

BACKGROUND In the recent literature there is no consensus regarding the relationships between crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) with the primary lesion size, severity or location. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate relationship between the size and severity of cerebral lesions and CCD in patients with chronic stroke, using voxel-based analysis of Tc-99m ECD single-photon em...

Injury or inflammation affecting sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) causes hyperexcitability of DRG neurons that can lead to spinal central sensitization and neuropathic pain. Recent studies have indicated that, following chronic compression of DRG (CCD) or acute dissociation of DRG (ADD) treatment, both hyperexcitability of neurons in intact DRG and behaviorally expressed hyperal...

Chronic compression (CCD) of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is a model of human radicular pain produced by intraforaminal stenosis and other disorders affecting the DRG, spinal nerve, or root. Previously, we examined electrophysiological changes in small-diameter lumbar level 3 (L3) and L4 DRG neurons treated with CCD; the present study extends these observations to medium-sized DRG neurons, wh...

A laterally herniated disk, spinal stenosis, and various degenerative or traumatic diseases of the spine can sometimes lead to a chronic compression and inflammation of the dorsal root ganglion and chronic abnormal sensations including pain. After a chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion (CCD) in rats, the somata in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) become hyperexcitable, and some exhibit...

We report a molecular dynamics study of chlorinated cobalt bis(dicarbollide) anions [(B(9)C(2)H(8)Cl(3))(2)Co](-)"CCD(-)" in nitrobenzene and at the nitrobenzene-water interface, with the main aim to understand the solution state of these hydrophobic species and why they act as strong synergists in assisted liquid-liquid extraction of metallic cations. Neat nitrobenzene is found to well solubil...

BACKGROUND Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant disease that affects the skeletal system. Common symptoms of CCD include hypoplasia or aplasia of the clavicles, delayed or even absent closure of the fontanels, midface hypoplasia, short stature, and delayed eruption of permanent and supernumerary teeth. Previous studies reported a connection between CCD and the haploinsufficien...