Dissolved trace metals are present in the environment as free ions and as complexes. Commonly used models to predict metal bioavailability consider the free ion as the major bioavailable species. However, increases in metal availability in the presence of metal complexes have repeatedly been found. We measured the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by spinach (Spinacia oleracea) from solution in absence or...

This paper describes a Finnish project on developing a blended learning approach to training the merchant marine On Board Training Officers. Maritime Education and Training is regulated by the International Maritime Organization's Code on Seafarer’s Training, Certification and Watchkeeping. On Board Training comprises one third of the Deck Officer and Engineer studies. There have been problems ...