The traditional definition of natural antibodies (NAbs) states that these antibodies are present prior to the body encountering cognate antigen, providing a first line of defense against infection thereby, allowing time for a specific antibody response to be mounted. The literature has a seemingly common definition of NAbs; however, as our knowledge of antibodies and B cells is refined, re-eval...

The balance between ice and water controls the habitability of an important fraction of the globe and influences the majority of the world’s population. The freezing of water to form ice is one of the most common phase transformations in the natural environment. However, a complete understanding of its microscopics and their influence on macroscopic phenomena still eludes us. As this millennium...

there is growing evidence that lectin-carbohydrate interactions can mediate the infection of parasites to their insect vector. many insect species are host or vectors of protozoan or metazoan parasites that cause socially and economically important disease such as malaria and leishmaniasis. however, relatively little work has been undertaken concerning the interaction of insect immunity against...

Background: Decreasing the growth and developmental rate of embryo and arresting in certain step of development like two cell block could be the reason of infertility in some couples referring to fertility and infertility center. The aim of this study is the effect of strontium on growth and development of two-cell arrested NMRI mouse embryo. Materials and Methods: The female mice were coupled ...

Notch signaling defines an evolutionarily ancient cell interaction mechanism, which plays a fundamental role in metazoan development. Signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch receptor can amplify and consolidate molecular differences, which eventually dictate cell fates. Thus, Notch signals control how cells respond to intrinsic or extrinsic developmental cues that are nece...