In Iran, new centralization characteristic, especially during Pahlavi dynasty, has been convergence and its vast use in bureaucracy. Historical sociological studies have consensus on the issues of centralization, power centralization, and political sovereignty in Iran; however, these issues have some divisional interruptions and different levels of strength in some parts of the history. This es...

It is often argued that energy policy is too fragmented across EU Member States and should be “Europeanized” to pave the way towards an efficiently organized European power system, which rest on the internal market for energy and a pan-European super-grid. However, this view neglects i) the factual heterogeneity of European energy policies in terms of harmonization and centralization, ii) econo...

From the past to the present time, in all civilizations and countries, urbanization is considered the most striking evolution of human societies. With the advent of the industrial revolution and the rapid expansion of cities, societies were faced with numerous problems. One of the most significant problems is Extreme centralization in one city or more and fragmentation of urban hierarchical sys...

From the past to the present time, in all civilizations and countries, urbanization is considered the most striking evolution of human societies. With the advent of the industrial revolution and the rapid expansion of cities, societies were faced with numerous problems. One of the most significant problems is Extreme centralization in one city or more and fragmentation of urban hierarchical sys...

The profitability of a firm is jointly determined by the market structure and the firm’s organizational structure. To explore the relationship between these two structures, a real-time information processing model in a dynamic duopoly environment is developed, which allows us to examine the effects of the product market competition and the cost of delay. It is found that Decentralization tends ...

Mrs. Umbridge walks through the hall of Hogwarts with a certain air about her; each of the students knows that what she says will be the !nal decision (Barron, 2007). The O.W.L.S. will be the deciding factor on how well the students do in the future and any student who does not meet the standards will not be able to partake in any form of witchcraft in the future. Students are taught a basic kn...

Cloud computing can be defined as the provision of computing resources on-demand over the Internet. Although this might bring a number of advantages to end-users in terms of accessibility and elasticity of costs, problems arise concerning the collection of personal information in the Cloud and the legitimate exploitation thereof. To the extent that most of the content and software application a...