The evolution of Earth's climate on geological timescales is largely driven by variations in the magnitude of total solar irradiance (TSI) and changes in the greenhouse gas content of the atmosphere. Here we show that the slow ∼50 Wm-2 increase in TSI over the last ∼420 million years (an increase of ∼9 Wm-2 of radiative forcing) was almost completely negated by a long-term decline in atmospheri...

The dual systems model posits that adolescent risk-taking results from an imbalance between a cognitive control system and an incentive processing system. Researchers interested in understanding the development of adolescent risk-taking use a diverse array of behavioral and self-report measures to index cognitive control and incentive processing. It is currently unclear whether different measur...

The fast changing environment and the complexity of projects has increased risk exposure. The PMBOK proposes a structured risk management process, integrated within the overall project management framework. However, unresolved difficulties call for further developments in the field. In projects, risks take place within a complex web of numerous interconnected causes and effects, which generate ...

Valuable monetary rewards can boost human performance on various effortful tasks even when the value of the rewards is presented too briefly to allow for strategic decision making. However, the mechanism by which briefly-presented reward information influences performance has remained unclear. One possibility is that performance after briefly-presented reward information is primarily boosted vi...

I estimate a dynamic model in which a board of directors and a CEO interact to set the levels of CEO incentives and e¤ort. The intent is to understand the e¤ect that CEO incentives have on …rm value. In the model incentive levels are the result of CEO risk aversion, the cost of CEO e¤ort, the e¤ect of CEO e¤ort on …rm value, the volatility of shocks to …rm value, and the preference a board has ...

in this experiment two hundreds one day old broiler chicks (ross 308) in 5 treatments and 4 replicates were used based a completely randomized design. experimental treatments were: control treatment (basal diet), clove essential oil (ceo) at different levels (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg + basal diet) and 600 mg/kg flavophospholipol antibiotics (fpa) + basal diet. results showed that feed intake was ...