chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) has been defined by the global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (gold), as a disease state characterized by airflow limitation which is not fully reversible. copd consists of emphysema which is the destruction and inflammation of the lung alveoli. adenosine deaminase (ada, e.c.3.5.4.4) converts adenosine to inosine. there are two isoen...

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an important cause of heart failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The pro brain natriuretic peptide N-terminal (NT-proBNP) has been suggested as a noninvasive marker to evaluate ventricular function. However, there is no evidence to support the use of NT-proBNP in monitoring the benefits of vasodilators in COPD induced PH. Thus, we used NT-proBN...

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common and frequently occurring disease, which not only has higher fatality rate, but also leads to loss of labor force an obvious decrease in the quality life course long-term patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated anxiety depression are major public health problem. Objective: To investigate status anxiety, ...

BACKGROUND Episodic breathlessness is one form of refractory breathlessness. Better understanding of the symptom is necessary for effective management. AIM The aim was to describe the characteristics of episodic breathlessness in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or lung cancer. DESIGN This is a longitudinal cohort study. Outcomes were assessed monthly by up to 13...

2681 prednisone after emergency treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2618-25. 12. Snow V, Lascher S, Mottur-Pilson C. The evidence base for management of acute exacerbations of COPD: clinical practice guideline. Chest 2001;119:1185-9. 13. Callahan CM, Dittus RS, Katz BP. Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disea...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the basis for spirometry, its benefits in diagnosing and managing both acute and chronic pulmonary disorders with emphasis on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and to critically examine the barriers to its widespread use. RECENT FINDINGS A number of recent articles have established the scientific basis for spirometry in the early identification of chronic obst...