A Skolem sequence is a sequence s1, s2, . . . , s2n (where si ∈ A = {1 . . . n}), each si occurs exactly twice in the sequence and the two occurrences are exactly si positions apart. A set A that can be used to construct Skolem sequences is called a Skolem set. The problem of deciding which sets of the form A = {1 . . . n} are Skolem sets was solved by Thoralf Skolem in the late 1950’s. We stud...

We introduce the concept of the Grassmann real form of an arbitrary matrix supergroup and of its Lie superalgebra. This new notion includes as special cases the ordinary real forms (considered and classified by Serganova) but it is more general. Indeed, the Grassmann real forms are characterized by certain Lie superal-gebra automorphisms of order four, while the ordinary real forms by those of ...

The core argument of this chapter is that the Smart Cities Mission appears to present a disconnect between the actually existing city development and urbanization, and its primary goal of creating wealth by embedding technology in the built environment without first addressing the basic city problems is flawed. This chapter comprehensively presents the three challenges of urbanization facing In...

Today, more and more cities worldwide are realizing the importance of semantic 3D city models. Various application areas of 3D city models such as simulations require the usage of highly dynamic and time-varying attributes, which are currently not supported by any standard. In this paper, we propose a new concept ’dynamizer’, which extends static 3D city models by supporting variations of indiv...

ICT potentially plays an important part in achieving sustainable urban development. Subsequently, ICT could be expected to have a central role in the general discourse of urban development, and in specific development projects, both as a means in the planning process itself and as an end product, i.e. smart city solutions. By exploring a case study of a local urban development project (Urb@n) i...

Smart manufacturing, today, is the ability to continuously maintain and improve performance, with intensive use of information, in response to the changing environments. Technologies for creating smart manufacturing systems or factories are becoming increasingly abundant. Consequently, manufacturers, large and small, need to correctly select and prioritize these technologies correctly. In addit...

There is some consensus among researchers that the first urban civi‐ lization labeled a ‘city’ was Sumer in the period 3,500–3,000 BC. The meaning of the word, however, has evolved with the advancement of technology. Adjec‐ tives such as digital, intelligent, and smart have been prefixed to ‘city’, to reflect the evolution. In this study, we pose the question: What makes a ‘Smart City’, as oppo...

This article argues that smart grid technologies enable policy‐makers and communities to successfully manage enduring energy policy concerns. It defines what ‘smart’ energy technologies, grids and policies mean, and then evaluates how the smart grid can enable policy‐makers to respond to an emerging energy ‘trilemma’. Drawing on case studies from the United States, the article suggests that the...