In this paper, we demonstrate that predicting stimulus cooccurrence patterns in a Bayes-optimal manner endogenously explains classical conditioning. Simulated experiments with a standard Bayesian implementation of this model show that it is capable of explaining a broader range of effects than any previous theory of classical conditioning. By simplifying the mathematical structure of statistica...

The approach to a substantiation of thermodynamics is offered. A conservative system of interacting elements, which is not in equilibrium, is used as a model. This system is then split into small subsystems that are accepted as being in equilibrium. Based on the D’Alambert equation for a subsystem the generalized Liouville equation is obtained. A necessary condition for irreversibility is deter...

Recent studies indicate that the cellular mechanism underlying classical conditioning of the Aplysia siphon withdrawal reflex is an extension of the mechanism underlying sensitization. This finding suggests that the mechanisms of yet higher forms of learning may similarly be based on the mechanisms of these simple forms of learning. We illustrate this hypothesis by showing how several higher or...

UNLABELLED A classical conditioning framework is often used for clinical reasoning about pain that persists after tissue healing. However, experimental studies demonstrating classically conditioned pain in humans are lacking. The current study tested whether non-nociceptive somatosensory stimuli can come to modulate pain thresholds after being paired with painful nociceptive stimuli in healthy ...

BACKGROUND Classification and regression tree (CART) models are tree-based exploratory data analysis methods which have been shown to be very useful in identifying and estimating complex hierarchical relationships in ecological and medical contexts. In this paper, a Bayesian CART model is described and applied to the problem of modelling the cryptosporidiosis infection in Queensland, Australia....

Ever since learning and memory have been studied experimentally, the relationship between operant and classical conditioning has been controversial. Operant conditioning is any form of conditioning that essentially depends on the animal's behavior. It relies on operant behavior. A motor output is called operant if it controls a sensory variable. The Drosophila flight simulator, in which the rel...