Variability within sex pheromone signalling systems is generally believed to be low because of strong stabilizing selection; yet the noctuid moth Heliothis subflexa (Hs) shows significant intraspecific variation. One possible explanation is that females may alter their sex pheromone blend depending on prevailing olfactory cues in the habitat, which we termed the 'experience hypothesis'. This co...

Gymnotiform weakly electric fishes generate electric organ discharges (EODs) and sense perturbations of the resulting electric field for purposes of orientation, prey detection and communication. Some species produce oscillatory ('wave-type') EODs at very high frequencies (up to 2 kHz) that have been proposed to be energetically expensive. If high-frequency EODs are expensive, then fish may mod...

The paper reviews the results of detailed revision herbarium material genus Piptatherum from Poaceae collection kept in Herbarium National Museum Bosnia and Herzegovina (SARA). Revision P. Beauv. is presented, with brief nomenclature citations key for identification. original photographs distributional map, accompany synopsis each taxon: holciforme (M. Bieb.) Roem. & Schult. subsp. , mi...