There have been a few reports from Iran concerning infection by Cryptosporidium species, but they have referred particularly to infection in animals and their handlers. This study of infection in humans was carried out over a two year period in a large urban area in a cold region of western Iran. 554 stool specimens were examined with modified Ziehl - N eelson (MZN) staining for Cryptospor...

Nuclear medicine imaging has been used to localize infection sites and efforts have been continued to develop modified infection specific radiopharmaceuticals. In this study gemifloxacin as a broad-spectrum quinolone has been labeled with [99mTc (CO)3 (H2O)3]+ core in order to evaluate its feasibility as an infection imaging agent for in vivo use. The stability of radioconjugate was checked in ...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection progresses to AIDS following an asymptomatic period during which the virus is thought to evolve towards increased fitness and pathogenicity. We show mathematically that progression to the strongest HIV-induced pathology requires evolution of the virus towards reduced replicative fitness in vivo. This counter-intuitive outcome can happen if multiple v...

Among symptomatic patients of COVID-19 infection, a few are in high-risk category having several co-morbidities. Type II Diabetes is one the co-morbidities which show complications and mortality during infection. Also some Non-Diabetic showing Hyperglycemia after they diagnosed with This article summarizes pathophysiology management COVID -19

Multiple parasite infections are widespread in the developing world and understanding their geographical distribution is important for spatial targeting of differing intervention packages. We investigated the spatial epidemiology of mono- and co-infection with helminth parasites in East Africa and developed a geostatistical model to predict infection risk. The data used for the analysis were ta...

Co-infections are common in natural populations and interactions among co-infecting parasites can significantly alter the transmission and host fitness costs of infection. Because both exposure and susceptibility vary over time, predicting the consequences of parasite interactions on host fitness and disease dynamics may require detailed information on their effects across different environment...

BACKGROUND We assessed the effects of hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection on outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD), a multi-center cohort of HIV-infected patients in the Asia-Pacific region. METHODS Patients testing HBs antigen (Ag) or HCV antibody (Ab) positive within enrollment into TAH...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious which was first identified in Wuhan, China December 2019. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for this ongoing pandemic worldwide. COVID-19 itself has high mortality rate but addition with bacterial co-infection, the risk of death amplifies much higher. The diagnosis along other co-infections can be difficu...

context since the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral regimen for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection, a significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported in patients already chronically infected with hepatitis b virus and then given this form of regimen for their retroviral infection. evidence acquisition this phenomenon was initially attributed...

The Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia are opportunistic human pathogens that are responsible for severe nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients and those suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). These two bacteria have been shown to form biofilms in the airways of CF patients that make such infections more difficult to treat. Only recently have s...