This study assesses the cost of achieving pollution reductions using environmental taxes relative to using non-revenue-raising instruments. The cost of tax exemptions with or without employment constraints is also examined. Using a computable general equilibrium model of the Swedish economy a wide range of emission reduction target levels are examined. The study finds that the reduction of CO2 ...

The carbon emissions has attracts great concerns in engineering technology researches. The decomposition analysis technology has been popular in the study on influencing factors of industrial carbon emissions (ICE). The change of industries’s CO2 emissions from the three main industries in China over the period 1980-2011 based on the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) method has been carried...

We conducted a 60-day roadside measurement campaign on a busy street in Münster, Germany, during summer 2016. We used gas and particle concentration measurements with high temporal resolution (10 Hz) to quantify both the emission ratios of nitrogen oxides per carbon dioxide (NO x /CO2) for over 70,000 individual exhaust plumes as well as the emission ratios for size-resolved particle numbers pe...

Measurements of the aerosol size distribution from 11 nm to 2.5 microns were made in Mexico City in March 2006, during the MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) field campaign. Observations at the urban supersite, referred to as T0, could often be characterized by morning conditions with high particle mass concentrations, low mixing heights, and highly correlated...

There are various difficulties involved with comparing the effects of short-lived and long-lived atmospheric species on climate. Global warming potentials (GWPs) can be computed for pulse emissions of short-lived species. However, if the focus is on the long-term effect of a pulse emission occurring today, GWPs do not factor in the fact that if a radiative forcing is applied for a short period,...

The emission characteristics of debris from laser-produced tin plasma were investigated for an extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) light source. The ions and droplets emitted from tin plasma produced by a CO2 laser or an Nd: YAG laser were detected with Faraday cups and quartz crystal micro-balance (QCM) detectors, respectively. A higher ion kinetic energy and a lower droplet emission were ob...

The interaction of a CO2 laser pulse with Sn-based plasma for a 13.5-nm extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography source was investigated. It was noted that a CO2 laser with wavelength of 10.6 μm is more sensitive to surface impurities as compared with a Nd:YAG laser with wavelength of 1.06 μm. This reveals that a CO2 laser is more likely absorbed in a thinner layer near the target surface. Compare...

[1] Inland waters, just as the world’s oceans, play an important role in the global carbon cycle. While lakes and reservoirs typically emit CO2, they also bury carbon in their sediment. The net CO2 emission is largely the result of the decomposition or preservation of terrestrially supplied carbon. What regulates the balance between CO2 emission and carbon burial is not known, but climate chang...

Design of clean energy systems is highly complex due to the existence of a variety of CO2 abatement and integration options. In this study, an effective decision-making methodology has been developed for facilitating the selection of lowest energy or lowest cost intensity systems, from a portfolio of flowsheet configurations with different decarbonisation strategies. The fundamental aspect of t...

Atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) have increased over the last 150 years because of human activity. Soils are important sources and sinks of both potent greenhouse gases where their production and consumption are largely regulated by biological processes. Climate change could alter these processes thereby affecting both rate and direction of their exchange wi...