The paper outlines the Emission and Biofuel Directives relating to CO2 emissions in cars and the fiscal penalties incurred by manufacturers failing to meet targets. The effect on emissions of the biofuel directives are quantified through a test programme which measures emissions from a turbo-charged diesel engine using a range of biodiesel fuels, using standard diesel fuel to obtain a compariso...

This paper presents a method of economic factorial analysis of the CO2 emissions based on the extension of the Divisia index to interconnected factors. This approach, contrary to the Kaya identity, considers three main factors of the CO2 emissions: gross domestic product, energy consumption, and population as equally important, and allows for accounting of all of them simultaneously. The three ...

This paper uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions for a group of 12 MENA countries covering the annual period 1975-2008. The Granger-causality results indicate that there is no causal relationship between these variables in short run except a unidirectional causality running from renewable en...

Environmental pollution problems have been globally main concern in all fields including economy, society and culture into the 21 century. Beginning with the Kyoto Protocol, the reduction on the emissions of greenhouse gas such as CO2 and SOX has been a principal challenge of our day. As most buildings unlike durable goods in other industries have a characteristic and long life cycle, they cons...

11 Anthropogenic and biogenic controls on the surface-atmosphere exchange of CO2 are explored 12 for three different environments. Similarities are seen between suburban and woodland sites during 13 summer, when photosynthesis and respiration determine the diurnal pattern of the CO2 flux. In 14 winter, emissions from human activities dominate urban and suburban fluxes; building emissions 15 inc...

We propose a transparent climate debt index incorporating both methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We develop national historic emissions databases for both greenhouse gases to 2005, justifying 1950 as the starting point for global perspectives. We include CO2 emissions from fossil sources [CO2(f)], as well as, in a separate analysis, land use change and forestry. We calculate the...

The ability to monitor fossil fuel carbon dioxide (FFCO2) emissions from subcontinental regions using atmospheric CO2 observations remains an important but unrealized goal. Here we explore a necessary but not sufficient component of this goal, namely, the basic question of the detectability of FFCO2 emissions from subcontinental regions. Detectability is evaluated by examining the degree to whi...

This study examines the long-run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption, income and foreign trade in the case of China by employing time series data of 1975–2005. In particular the study aims at testing whether environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between CO2 emissions and per capita real GDP holds in the long run or not. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) me...

Development of regional policies to reduce net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would benefit from the quantification of the major components of the region's carbon balance--fossil fuel CO2 emissions and net fluxes between land ecosystems and the atmosphere. Through spatially detailed inventories of fossil fuel CO2 emissions and a terrestrial biogeochemistry model, we produce the first estimat...

Energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions account for nearly 60 per cent of total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. In 2011, CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels reached a record 31.6 Gt (IEA 2012a). Primary energy consumption continues to rise and fossil fuels have provided the major share of the incremental growth over the past decade, accounting for more than 80 per cent o...