Yersinia pestis invaded the continental United States in 1900 and subsequently became established in wild rodent populations in several western states, traversing 2,250 km in approximately 40 years. However, the specific path of the eastward expansion of plague into the United States is poorly understood. We directly calculated velocities of disease spread and performed trend-surface analyses o...

Among Atlantic scleractinian corals, species diversity is highest in the Caribbean, but low diversity and high endemism are observed in various peripheral populations in central and eastern Atlantic islands and along the coasts of Brazil and West Africa. The degree of connectivity between these distantly separated populations is of interest because it provides insight into processes at both evo...

pth is the most important factor which control calcium homeostasis in the body in this study we tried to determine the normal range of pth and vitamin d with examining the relation between pth and bone density and vitamin d on the base of bones biological changes. our subjects were, 20 to 69 years-old men and women of tehran. serum volume of pth and vitamin d in different decades of life had si...

The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is a focal species in game management, epidemiology and ornithology, but comparably little research has focused on the ecology of the migration seasons. We studied habitat use, time-budgets, home-range sizes, habitat selection, and movements based on spatial data collected with GPS devices attached to wild mallards trapped at an autumn stopover site in the North...

Sabah, situated in one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, has the largest number of islands in Malaysia with more than 500 of various sizes and degrees of isolation. However, information on the islands' biodiversity is limited. This study provides an up-to-date checklist of land snail species found on 24 west coast islands in Sabah. A total of 67 species (nearly 20% of the total number of la...

We analyzed the influence of large rivers on the phylogeography of endemic widespread amphibians along Madagascar's east coast, using as models various species and species complexes of Malagasy reed frogs (Heterixalus spp.) that are specialized to either highland or lowland habitats. We assembled a dense sampling across the full species ranges and used mitochondrial (cob) as well as nuclear (Ra...

to understand the present status of metal contamination along the haiphong-halong coast, the concentrations of as, cd, cr, cu, pb, and zn were seasonally determined in rock oysters from four sites during 2013. the results indicated that a high concentration of heavy metals was found in oysters. the average concentrations of zn and cu were extremely high, ranging from 823.6–3201.6 and 238.1–1597...