Creating an educational curriculum is a difficult task involving many variables and constraints [Wang 2005]. In any curriculum, the order of the instructional units is partly based on which units teach prerequisite knowledge for later units. Historically, psychologists and cognitive scientists have studied the dependency structure of information in various domains [Bergan and Jeska 1980; Griffi...

Cognitive modeling is the distinguishing factor of cognitive science and the method of choice for formalizing human cognition. In order to bridge the gap between logic and human reasoning, a number of foundational research questions need to be rigorously answered. The objective of this paper is to present relevant concepts and to introduce possible modeling standards as well as key discussion p...

objective: the aim of this study was to examine the difference of early maladaptive schemas and parenting origins in opioid abusers and non-opioid abusers. method: the early maladaptive schemas and parenting origins were compared in 56 opioid abusers and 56 non-opioids abusers. schemas were assessed by the young schema questionnaire 3rd (short form); and parenting origins were assessed by the y...

objective: the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the metacognitive model in treating post-traumatic stress disorder. method: in a single-subject experimental trial of multiple baseline type, the treatment process was carried out on an 18-year-old male subject. the patient satisfied the dsm-iv criteria for ptsd and was assessed for pre-duration and post treatment. the scales ...

background the use of metaphors rather than direct suggestions of treatment can help to weaken defense mechanisms against any functional changes and so cause an increase in the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. conclusions since imt can repeatedly neutralize patients’ defenses without aggravating their anxiety, and as the therapy can help patients via the development of a new awarenes...

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background: the positive impacts of exercise therapy on patients’ cognitive problems still remain unknown. this study was a pilot intervention to examine the effects of combined exercise on the cognitive problems of patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) in iranian ms society over 2012 to 2013.   methods : this quasi-experimental research was carried out in the form of a pretest/posttest study. ...

abstract background: diabetes mellitus is considered as the most common metabolic disorder. the patients with diabetes are likely to be affected by mental distress, especially depression. nurses should pay attention to the psychological needs of depressive patients by participating in an application of non- pharmacological treatment such as cognitive-behavioral therapy. this study aimed to asse...

background an absolute prerequisite to the effective management of dementia is its early diagnosis. successful dementia screening requires precise and sensitive instruments that can be completed even by illiterate elderly people. objectives the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the persian version of the cognitive state test (cost). materials and methods this meth...

the present paper seeks to investigate the cognitive abilities of expert efl teachers. to this aim, the existing literature was examined and ten cognitive themes were derived which were further investigated through interviews conducted with ten academics, teacher trainers and exemplary teachers of the field in the iranian context. the ten extracted themes were attested by interviewees’ comments...