Max Weber attributes the rise of modern Western society to Puritanism, noting that the Calvinist Protestant found, in his lonely attempt to communicate directly with God, a sense of human dignity and individualism in agreement with the rational structure of democracy. Weber, however, asserts that Confucianism lacks the Protestant way of thinking and hence cannot help with the rise of a modern C...

In her article "US-American Protestant Missionaries and Translation in China 1894-1911" Mingyu Lu discusses impact of and surrounding atmosphere between Protestant missionaries and Chinese intellectuals in translating Western texts. During the national crisis in 1894-1911, Protestant missionaries and Chinese intellectuals co-translated a large number of Western texts and adjusted their translat...

The article discusses the role of public intellectuals, with particular emphasis on scholars specializing in study religions. While various functions and aims intellectuals are taken into account, focuses primarily risks related to scholars’ engagement discourse. history academic religion shows that many its representatives were involved ideological endeavors, including political ideologies. It...

on the verge of the constitutionalist revolution in iran, the three social forces existing in the socio-political arena were competing with each other and at the same time, struggling with the monarchy to increase their share of power: independent intellectuals, traditional followers of religion, and merchants. this rivalry set the scene for a discursive battle in which, each social force was t...

This article is devoted to the problem of political emigration in Cold War period. has been studied by a large group intellectuals-thinkers, writers, and academics. The author focuses on individual strategies sentiments among Central Eastern European intellectuals. Their decisions were as much result an impulse reaction circumstances rational premise that outside world was place where they woul...