Some physical, chemical and biological properties of raw water collected from Caroni River in Central Trinidad and raw wastewater from Angostura Distillery in North Trinidad were measured in the laboratory. In addition, the properties of the water effluent obtained by passing the raw Caroni River water through various sand-clay filter media that differed in the proportions of sand and clay by v...

The extraction of nematodes from clay soil is difficult using flotation-sieving methods of soil-water suspensions. Aggregated soil particles trap nematodes and prevent them from passing through the top coarse sieves during decanting. Also, the soil aggregates clog the sieves which slows the decanting operation. In addition, clay particles are difficult to clean from centrifuge tubes that are us...

 A natural bentonite obtained from Khorasan, Iran, was submitted to acid activation with sulphuric acid. Sample aliquots (5gr)were leached with 100 ml H2SO4 solutions of various concentrations (2–7N) at 80±2 oC for 2 hours. X–ray diffraction, chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy and specific surface area measurements were performed in order to evaluate important structural modifications occ...

The interactive effects of soil texture and type of N fertility (i.e., manure vs. commercial N fertilizer) on N(2)O and CH(4) emissions have not been well established. This study was conducted to assess the impact of soil type and N fertility on greenhouse gas fluxes (N(2)O, CH(4), and CO(2)) from the soil surface. The soils used were a sandy loam (789 g kg(-1) sand and 138 g kg(-1) clay) and a...

Due to its low permeability, a clay liner is the main material used in solid waste disposal landfills. It is exposed there to various chemical, biological, and physical events, and the clay liner is affected by the resulting leachate. For this reason, when attempting to define the geotechnical characteristics of clay liners, the use of distilled water or tap water is far from being representati...

This work aimed to compare the coating protection efficiency of C-steel using two kinds clay: a local Khulays clay (RCKh) from Saudi Arabia and commercial (CCIn) India. Clay-based polymer nanocomposites have unique layered structure, rich intercalation chemistry, availability at low cost. They are promising reinforcements for polymers. The raw both types was washed before being treated with NaC...

Earlier surveys indicate that meat, fish and dairy products are the principal source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) exposure in the diet. A recent finding by others of PCDDs in chickens that consumed a feed containing PCDD led to the finding of ball clay, an anti-caking agent, as the source. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was studied as a means to isolate PCDDs from commercial...

Soil texture has been commonly associated with the population density of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode: SCN), but such an association has been mainly described in terms of textural classes. In this study, multivariate analysis and a generalized linear modeling approach were used to elucidate the quantitative relationship of soil texture with the observed SCN population density redu...

Readily available proteins were tested as renewable flocculants, and their actions were compared to that of anionic PAM, a common, commercial flocculant that requires the coaddition of a calcium ion source. Two soy proteins, a whey fraction, a porcine gelatin, and a meat & bone meal (MBM) extract were used in the flocculation test. It was found that MBM extract and porcine gelatin promoted clay...

Host suitability of commercial sunflower hybrids to Pratylenchus zeae was studied in the field and greenhouse. For comparison, one maize and one grain sorghum inbred line, both susceptible to P. zeae, were included in the greenhouse experiments. Pratylenchus zeae densities extracted from the roots of sunflower hybrids grown in naturally infested soil were low. In the first greenhouse experiment...