Iraq has used chemical warfare agents in recent Iran-Iraq conflict ( 1980-88) . There are few studies regarding late complications of chemical warfare and there is no report concerning late cutaneous complications. The present study is concerned with the late clinical manifestation of cutaneous complications in chemical warfare casualties in comparison to non – chemical injured soldiers. Upon t...

PROBLEM Gang violence affects many adolescents in the United States, and there has been an increase in violent crimes against adolescents in recent years. METHOD A literature review examined studies related to gang violence. FINDINGS Little research has focused on adolescents' exposure to gang violence and its effects on adolescents' mental health. Adolescents develop internalizing symptoms...

BACKGROUND This article focuses on examining drug abuse treatment (DAT) in El Salvador highlighting gang vs. non-gang membership differences in drug use and treatment outcomes. METHODS Cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs were employed to examine the study aims. The 19 centers that met the study's inclusion criteria of one year or less in planned treatment offered varying treatment ...

We study the well-known sociological phenomenon of gang aggregation and territory formation through an interacting agent system defined on a lattice. We introduce a two-gang Hamiltonian model where agents have red or blue affiliation but are otherwise indistinguishable. In this model, all interactions are indirect and occur only via graffiti markings, onsite as well as on nearest neighbor locat...

The results of the analysis recent military conflicts convincingly show that forms and methods armed forces application are changing improving. Scientific technological progress, rapid development information technology, growing role high-precision weapons, increasing effectiveness intelligence, intensive automation command control systems change nature modern warfare having a steady impact on ...

This paper examines whether economic factors significantly associate to the propensity of gang-related crimes and non-gang crimes in Lane County. To conduct this study, Detective Harvey of the Eugene Police Department’s gang task force supplied data with recorded gang-related and non-gang arrests in Eugene and Springfield from 2003 through 2012. The data was organized quarterly with number of a...

CONTEXT A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been found to be associated with a broad range of antisocial phenotypes, including physical violence. At the same time, it is well known that gang members represent some of the most serious violent offenders. Even so, no research has ever examined the association between MAOA and gang membership....

methodological problems with many reports on female gangs. This Bulletin summarizes both past and current research on female gangs and draws attention to programmatic and research needs. It considers the underlying reasons for female gang membership, assesses the delinquency and criminal activity of female gang members, examines how ethnicity and gender norms may influence female gang behavior,...