How are humans' subjective judgments of contingencies related to objective contingencies? Work in social psychology and human contingency learning predicts that the greater the frequency of desired outcomes, the greater people's judgments of contingency will be. Second, the learned helplessness theory of depression provides both a strong and a weak prediction concerning the linkage between subj...

This study investigates differential neural activation patterns in response to reward-related feedback depending on various reward contingencies. Three types of reward contingencies were compared: a "gain" contingency (a monetary reward for correct answer/no monetary penalty for incorrect answer); a "lose" contingency (no monetary reward for correct answer/a monetary penalty for incorrect answe...

An extensive study of the relationship between smoking and calculus deposition in nearly 6,000 men was undertaken by Pindborg,1 in 1949. Chilton,2 in 1967, used these data to illustrate the familiar test for association in a contingency table but noted that the analysis was limited because, although it established the existence of a significant association between smoking and calculus depositio...

Natural or human made disasters have a significant negative impact on the environment. At the same time there is an extensive effort to support management and decision making in emergency situations by information technologies. Therefore the purpose of the paper is to propose a design patterns applicable in emergency management, enabling better analysis and design of emergency management proces...

EVEN in today's era of rapid advances in data analysis sophistication, the preparation and analysis of cross-classified frequency data is stiH an important activity for many marketing analysts. Often cross-tabulations are useful in summarizing complex marketing relationships. It is difficult to imagine any study in which the data are not displayed in frequency form at some point in the analysis...

We present a unified approach to describing and linking several methods for representing categorical data in a contingency table. These methods include: correspondence analysis, Hellinger distance analysis, the log-ratio alternative, which is appropriate for compositional data, and the non-symmetrical correspondence analysis. We also present two solutions working with cummulative frequencies.

This paper introduces a method of analysis to uncover artefact communication relationships in real world settings. This method is based on learning and communication theory, together with situated cognition. It was developed in the context of agile software development practice. Using this method, we found evidence that physical artefacts help team members to define contexts within their practi...