background: oxidative stress in reproductive system leads to sperm dna damage and sperm membrane lipid peroxidation and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of male infertility, especially in idiopathic cases. antioxidants such as carotenoids function against free radical damages. objective : the aim of this study was to determine the levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and retinol in s...

objective: in this paper, we have introduced topoisomerase inhibitors, mechanism of action and types of them. dna topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze essential enzymes to solve the topological problems accompanying key nuclear processes such as dna replication, transcription, repair and chromatin assembly by introducing temporary single or double strand breaks in the dna. result...