The constitutive parameters of most semiconductors, such as silicon and GaAs, are functions of temperature. Hence, the performance of passive and active device fabricated on silicon or GaAs substrate strongly depends on the operating temperature. Although passive devices are not so sensitive to the variation in temperature as active devices do, it is still necessary to examine the thermal effec...

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Numerical schemes for ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) that are based on the standard finite volume method (FVM) exhibit pseudo-convergence in which irregular structures no longer exist only after heavy grid refinement. We describe a method for obtaining solutions for coplanar and near-coplanar cases that consist of only regular structures, independent of g...

Objective: The selection of beam orientations, which is a key step in radiation treatment planning, is particularly challenging for non-coplanar radiotherapy systems due to the large number of candidate beams. In this paper, we report progress on the group sparsity approach to beam orientation optimization, wherein beam angles are selected by solving a large scale fluence map optimization probl...

Excretion and tissue retention of a coplanar and a non-coplanar hexachlorobiphenyl (HxCB) were determined 48 h after a single intraperitoneal (ip) dose of 8 mg/kg radiolabeled [14C]-HxCBs to weanling male and female Long-Evans rats. The objective was to understand the involvement of initial target organs of chlorobiphenyl (CB) accumulation following acute exposure in immature animals. During th...

To understand how the protein achieves fluorescence, the isomerization mechanism of the HcRed chromophore is studied both under vacuum and in the solvated red fluorescent protein. Quantum mechanical (QM) and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods are applied both for the ground and the first excited state. The photoinduced processes in the chromophore mainly involve torsions ar...

BACKGROUND It is useful to predict planned dosimetry and determine the eligibility of a liver cancer patient for SBRT treatment using knowledge based planning (KBP). We compare the predictive accuracy using the overlap volume histogram (OVH) and statistical voxel dose learning (SVDL) KBP prediction models for coplanar VMAT to non-coplanar 4π radiotherapy plans. METHODS In this study, 21 liver...

Eighteen certified flight instructors from the University of Illinois Institute of Aviation participated in an experiment exploring the design of the Cockpit Display of Traffic Information for free flight. Pilots flew a sequence of flight scenarios to compare the effects of traffic load, dimensionality, and orientation of the vertical profile view on a coplanar display on maneuver frequency, sa...

We construct analytically stationary global configurations for both aligned and logarithmic spiral coplanar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) perturbations in an axisymmetric background MHD disc with a power-law surface mass density Σ0 ∝ r , a coplanar azimuthal magnetic field B0 ∝ r −γ , a consistent self-gravity and a powerlaw rotation curve v0 ∝ r −β where v0 is the linear azimuthal gas rotation spe...

DNA toroids produced by the condensation of phage DNA with hexammine cobalt (III) have been investigated by cryoelectron microscopy. Image resolution obtained by this technique has allowed unprecedented views of DNA packing within toroidal condensates. Toroids oriented coplanar with the microscope image plane exhibit circular fringes with a repeat spacing of 2.4 nm. For some toroids these fring...

As a fundamental operator in genetic algorithms (GAs), crossover may not only make an existing schema survive, but also construct a new one from other existing schemata. Unfortunately, the existing schema theorems do not exactly quantify the positive effects of schema construction by a crossover. Consequently, they cannot well characterize the evolution of a schema. In this paper, a new ternary...