The European Medicines Agency, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, other regulatory agencies expect that all pharmaceutical products be assessed for potential presence of N-nitrosoamine (nitrosamine) impurities. This white paper addresses general considerations nitrosamine risk assessments oligonucleotide products. authors propose a assessment platform which should facilitate safe, consisten...

We use variation in corruption convictions across judicial districts the US to examine relationship between political and risk-taking of public firms. Firms headquartered regions with high levels have lower total risk idiosyncratic on average. Further analysis shows that tends encourage firms pursue risk-decreasing investments, riskiness their operations, decrease asset liquidity. While manager...

This study presents a review of the studies on corruption risk in corporations. It highlights antecedents risk, contributes additional knowledge anti-corruption, and offers some suggestions for future research. Following Tranfield, Denyer, Smart (2003), literature search was done corporate its related terminologies, theories, causes, effects. In conducting search, top-ranked journals Science Di...

We explore the multi-level determinants of firm-level corruption risk among multinational corporations (MNCs) in both developed and developing market economies a comparative context. argue that institutional regulatory environments affect MNCs’ anti-corruption performance. employ comprehensive measure MNC find evidence for influence country-level effects, while financial characteristics also Fu...

systematic and widespread corruption; a problem in russia’s transition period russia is among those countries that are grappled with widespread and systematic corruption in state organizations. meanwhile, different russian governments have failed to reduce the scope of corruption. this article studies nature, roots and repercussions of corruption and analyzes approaches to combat it in russia. ...

BACKGROUND Smoking prevention should be a primary public health priority for all governments, and effective preventive policies have been identified for decades. The heterogeneity of smoking prevalence between European Union (EU) Member States therefore reflects, at least in part, a failure by governments to prioritise public health over tobacco industry or possibly other financial interests, a...

Although both the academic and policy communities have attached great importance to measuring corruption, most of the currently available measures are biased and too broad to test theory or guide policy. This article proposes a new composite indicator of grand corruption based on a wide range of elementary indicators. These indicators are derived from a rich qualitative evidence on public procu...