supply of credits to farmers seems necessary because of the importance of credits in order to assurance the efficiency of production process. the purpose of this study is identification factors affecting on credits allocation to agricultural activities and factors affecting on probability failure to repay of credits received .for this study, 196 farmers and customers who have received loans fro...

Authorship credit for multi-authored scientific publications is routinely allocated either by issuing full publication credit repeatedly to all coauthors, or by dividing one credit equally among all coauthors. The ensuing inflationary and equalizing biases distort derived bibliometric measures of merit by systematically benefiting secondary authors at the expense of primary authors. Here I show...

We study two dynamic models of payments systems. The ...rst is a deterministic model with spatial separation where we consider alternative payments systems institutions and their implications for allocation and welfare. A payments system with period-by-period settlement in outside money improves on decentralized exchange using currency by reducing average cash balances and the average holding p...

This paper proposes theory and evidence on the relationship between in°ation and the bank's portfolio allocation. The proposed idea rationalized what Rodriguez (1992) pointed out with respect to the Central Bank of Argentina, behaving as a "borrower of ̄rst resort", where banks reallocated their investment from the private sector to government bonds. A main component of in°ation costs is the mi...

One of the key issues in understanding how tax policies affect labour supply is intrahousehold allocation of time and consumption. This is in particular the case of welfare benefits aimed at providing a safety net against poverty and work incentives at the same time, such as the Working Family Tax Credit programme in the UK (and the Earned Income Tax Credit in the US). The models used to addres...

Secure property rights are considered a key determinant of economic development. The evaluation of the causal effects of property rights, however, is a difficult task as their allocation is typically endogenous. To overcome this identification problem, we exploit a natural experiment in the allocation of land titles. In 1981, squatters occupied a piece of land in a poor suburban area of Buenos ...

In general, banks play a growth-enhancing role for the real economy. However, distorted incentives for banks, depositors, and regulators in connection with bank insolvency may corrupt banks' credit allocation and monitoring decisions, leading to suboptimal real economic outcomes. A rules-based prompt resolution regime for insolvent banks may reestablish the incentive system and provide for econ...

We present a simple adjustment to the single-factor credit capital model, which recognizes the diversification from a multi-factor credit setting. The model can be applied to extend the Basel II regulatory framework to a general multi-factor setting, thus allowing for more accurate modeling of diversification for portfolios across various asset classes, sectors and regions, and in particular wi...

Understanding how capital flows within rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa can provide important insights on the nature of poverty and the effectiveness of financial intermediation interventions. In this paper, we use unique individual level savings and borrowing data to study the flow of funds within a sample of 104 Ugandan savings groups. We show that poor households borrow from wealthier...

We study an economy where agents are heterogeneous in terms of observable wealth and unobservable talent. Adverse selection forces creditors to ask for collateral. We study the two-way interaction between rationing in the credit market and the wages offered in the labor market. Both pooling and separating credit contracts can be offered in equilibrium. The minimum wealth needed to obtain a sepa...