the letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). for this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. the classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial ob...

in the recent years, the universities have been worried about performance management more than ever. in the present complex and competitive universe, the success of universities is impossible without presence of proper strategy and methods for evaluating their level of achievements. the balanced scorecard method is a model of evaluating performance and a system of strategic management. the main...

organizational performance improvement is the concept of measuring the output of an organization, then modifying the process or procedure to increase the output, increase efficiency, or increase the effectiveness of the process or procedure. in this paper, a methodology is presented for applying simultaneous the efqm excellence model and the balanced scorecard in organizational performance impr...

1 Background Credit cards have been widely used in the USA. The industry has matured so much that most households hold many credit cards and most consumers use credit cards as means of payment. They usually maintain their records on credit cards. In the USA, a total amount of credit card balances is about $700 billion. Because of the wide usage of credit cards, the term of cards is becoming a m...

Steganography can be defined as a method of hiding data within a cover media so that other individuals fail to realize their existence. Image, audio and video are some popular media for steganography. But text is ideal for steganography due to its ubiquity and smaller size compared to these media. However, text communication channels do not necessarily provide sufficient redundancy for covert c...

This study aims to explore the effects of the intellectual capital accumulation and the balanced scorecard implementation on the financial performance, with the earnings management being a moderator. Interviews were conducted on the objects of the directors (section manager-level and above) from Taiwan-listed semiconductor companies. This study collects all data from the databases of Taiwan Eco...

Several years ago we introduced the Balanced Scorecard (Kaplan and Norton 1992). We began with the premise that an exclusive reliance on financial measures in a management system is insufficient. Financial measures are lag indicators that report on the outcomes from past actions. Exclusive reliance on financial indicators could promote behavior that sacrifices long-term value creation for short...

Does greater transparency improve governmental performance and increase political accountability? In this paper, we describe a unique field experiment designed to estimate the impact of increased access to information about what happens in the Ugandan Parliament on three outcome variables of interest (i) how members of parliament (MPs) perform (ii) voter attitudes and behavior and (iii) elector...

www.philadelphiafed.org R eports in the popular press and policymakers’ concerns about student loans have greatly intensified in recent years because of rising student loan balances and defaults. Even greater cause for concern arose as student loans outstanding passed credit card debt to become the single largest nonmortgage household debt in 2012. Worries about the risk of massive default have...

This article presents the “Stra.Tech.Man approach” (strategy-technology-management synthesis) as basis for creating a Scorecard,” which can be used strategic audit of every socio-economic organization. After reviewing literature on control and audit, study proceeds with critical appraisal Kaplan Norton’s balanced scorecard model theoretical foundations Stra.Tech.Man approach. It composes first ...